To produce thermonuclear reaction it is necessary, firstly, to have nuclei with a large quantity of neutrons available, for example, deuterium nuclei, and secondly, these nuclei should possess sufficiently high velocity and merge together upon collision, having overcome the Coulomb barrier. It turns out that all these conditions are observed in the course of a stroke of lightning - such a conclusion is evident from calculations by B.M. Kuzhevsky, Ph.D., head of the neutron research laboratory, Skobeltsin Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics (Moscow State University).
Deuterium is always present in water: on average, a molecule of DHO (water, where one of hydrogen atoms is replaced by deuterium) falls to 6,800 molecules of H2O. That means - taking into account the quantity of water vapour available in the atmosphere (i.e. 5х10^-4 g/cubic centimeter) - there will be 10^15 deuterium atoms per cubic centimeter. In lightning, these atoms turn into ions and are capable of gathering speed up to considerable energy.
With the lightning canal diameter varying from 2 millimeters to 5 centimeters, and discharge duration making the ten-thousandth of a second, it proves that billions of deuterium atoms will have time to start reacting with each other and to generate precisely two times less atoms of helium-3 and neutrons. These neutrons already possess enormous energy - 2.45 MeV. However, in the atmosphere of our planet they are capable of living at most for 0.2 seconds, during which they will inevitably meet with nitrogen atoms and be absorbed by them. This time period is sufficient for neutrons to fly a distance of one or two kilometers.
The calculation has been also confirmed by experimental data. The DYAIZA facility developed at the Institute and installed in Moscow at the Vorobyevy Hills repeatedly recorded neutron emission peaks during thunderstorms, their magnitude exceeding that of the background by hundreds of times.
Several important conclusions can be drawn from the above effort. Firstly, this helps to solve a long-standing puzzle: why cosmonauts on board the MIR space station observed high neutron background in the area of the equator. Keeping in mind that thunderstorms permanently burst out in this region, it is easy to guess where high neutron background comes from. Secondly, the same mechanism should also work in the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter where thunderstorms are also frequent and sporadic neutron streams should arise there. That means that investigation of these planets’ neutron emission should take into account this particular fact not to confuse by accident “thundery” neutrons with some other neutrons.
Source: Informnauka (Informscience) Agency
Higher electricity use per capita correlates with a higher score on the Human Development Index (1997). Developing nations score much lower on these variables than developed nations. The continued rapid economic growth and increase in living standards in developing nations with large populations, like China and India, is dependent on a rapid and large expansion of energy production capacity.
I believe atheism is the root of all evil. In modern view a general consensus amongst the “norm” believe the state of mankind has progressed from a more barbaric period of mans struggle upon the planet to something “more civilized”. Even in recent events witnessed by television in America, a modern invention of the 20th century, many witnessed the growth of American prejudice with racial conflicts. many laws were enacted for civil liberties and equal rights and man progresses.
Many would say man was akin to simple caveman description of long ago. no books or any learned material for one to hone and strengthen the mind, these works of literature and knowledge a product of 15th century mechanics and printing presses. thus, prior to such a time, a human being was simple compared to one which studies the world around them by collected works and observations of others in order to form a “worldly view”. however, even in today’s world of achievements, there are many tribes still living as any so called “pre-civilized” society. as a matter of fact, only in early summer of 2008 a hidden tribe of the Brazilian rain forest was uncovered to the shock and amazement of researchers who strongly believed all was uncovered by mid 20th century. still many stones are left unturned.Thus, one may easily see the behavior of simple man as he would have existed thousands of years ago with simplicity of existence. Truly, one may make an informed judgment of the state of mans behavior towards each other as a function of living together without any tools of modern living in comparison to mans finest cities and all the amenities it offers for civilization.
Now let us ask a simple question to ourselves. given the choice, where would you live, in a city with all the advancements of mans struggle to harness nature;plumbing/electricity/true health care/etc etc or living in the jungle as one with nature as exhibited by some tribes to this day. it is evident most human beings choose modern forms of living. thus, there seems to be a consensus amongst mankind. it is good to strive for a level of civilization that grows in knowledge and awareness for mankind’s mastery of the elements around him in order to provide added comfort and security to their lives as opposed to the lives lived before them in a somewhat “darker time”.
Now let us ask ourselves the question of spirituality and its effect upon a human population and its relevance. It should be readily apparent that the so called civilized nations that have endured thru the centuries were those with a common form of worship amongst their members in order to provide discipline-love and understanding for a human race that not only wants to find answers about nature in order to tame her- but also mans existence in why we are even alive and where are we going after death. these questions have been a part of our mind in all lands and peoples as clearly exhibited by observation of every tribe of people on this planet. all people on this planet have some form of worship and respect to god. let the definition of god be so general that it incorporates all peoples beliefs on this planet, i give no details except to honor all peoples dignity and respect of their own desire to honor something they personally believe might have given them life, might greet them in their own death, and comfort and regulate the after life for our forefathers and our time after death of a physical existence. Thus, it is apparent, the vast majority of the planet will not deny the possibility of such an existence of a greater power that has given life to all things.
Now let us ask ourselves amongst all the peoples of the earth, why is there a code of conduct and ethics between mankind. The so called golden rule described in so many ways- do unto others as you would have done to you. there is no question in all the lands of the earth, society has setup some form of government between people in order for advancement in peace and stability. I believe i do not have to debate this in detail nor describe it- it is a no brainier. WE CALL THIS LAWS. you may say laws of government over the people have nothing to do with any spirituality whatsoever and may exists in a purely atheistic society, however, i have never witnessed a society ever in history of mankind that fully abolished the laws of god(in whatever forms they have deduced from their own messengers) for a population to be only atheistic. there is not one nation on this earth that is purely atheistic-why- it would have killed itself off. what exists today is the byproduct of many thousand years of mans struggle upon the planet and a direct reflection of war and peace between one another.
Let us look at western civilizations best friend, the dog, i cannot say this for eastern peoples, as they have dogs as meals. However, so much can be learned from mans belief that his so called best friend is a dog, a descendant of the wolf. why not the wolf itself? can you walk right up to a wolf today, i don’t think so, and in many years of breeding from the most gentle wolf in ancient times, man has breed out much of the angry disposition of some breeds. More importantly for this discussion, who is your best friend, is it not something that listens and obeys your every wish(usually but with a treat), is there for you when you need them(where else can they go as you house them), is a trusted friend and companion when you are alone. I would say if man treated any human being as they do their canine friend, they would have a great possibility of a best friend in human form. feed and house them for free and treat them with respect, i believe a human being may achieve many best friends and not just one. Thus, who is to say, is the dog truly mans best friend by many years of taming the wolf to a dog, or is it the fact you feed and take care of this animal, i wonder if you would not feed your dog for two days and leave your infant child in the room with them, would your mind be at ease, or would you say that is unfair, and a dog must be fed. here comes my argument of man and spirituality. if man was not fed for a day or two, what will man do. can man be trusted when the pressure is on- when the struggle is hardest, can man be trusted as a friend or a civilized person to behave accordingly between one another in order for the entire tribe/group/society of common peoples survive TOGETHER. THIS IS THE HEART OF THE QUESTION. what will man do when the struggle of life is so enormous, who will resort to honor and dignity in a civilized fashion, or savagery like the wolf.
Thus, life is life for all man. nature will surely treat all without prejudice. the struggle of life will impact all peoples of the earth with equal proportions. Thus, when put to the test of life, what quality of man is beneficial not only to himself, but to the collective will of his own family, his tribe, his society. All man is equal upon this earth, America has shown this clearly as all races of people may perform the same tasks, what man thinks they cannot do what another man can do. However, i speak not of deeds and tasks anyone may strive for like a simple dog doing tricks, i speak of evil and bad amongst man. who will “break down” in the so called internal struggle man has to be civil to one another- the atheist or the devout follower of an afterlife.
This is a very easy test, take away the possessions and stability of a man and watch what he does. The truly devout person with a strong belief in an afterlife and god will be humble and continue to struggle in a humble fashion for stability, the atheists on the other hand will live to their mottos may the strong survive-dog eat dog-its nature and natural-etc etc- simple behavior by simple animals are the atheists. in today’s prison system is a vast pool of knowledge that clearly shows man without boundary’s, an example of a man who will infringe upon your boundary. over and over again many will try to tread on others in a violent or non caring fashion, we find them and imprison them, sooner or later and only be their own judgments and an enlightenment by others, man will “hit rock bottom”, and be born again into a new light. I have personally witnessed by friends and example by media so many human beings who lived a life for themselves in an atheistic fashion, it is only the salvation of a higher power in which one puts their trust and faith into they can be saved as a human being with a belief they are a child of a higher god. I have never witnessed a born again convict find the words of the atheists - there is no growth in it, only confusion and a limited peak may be reached as one believes they are simply the the descendant of an animal ape. those of faith understand the possibility of being here by a far greater entity, thus, the growth in mind and spirit is unlimited, as our belief in a higher god is one of infinity in space and time.
But why do the atheists exist since time immortal. These individuals that do not conform to universal laws of the state government and spiritual houses. i believe they exists because of mans state of existence on this planet. i believe we are all the children of god with a duty to cultivate and grow upon this planet. i believe our duty is THY will be done on earth as it is in heaven. i believe heaven is a Utopian advanced civilization in the universe. i believe the highest form of civilization exists somewhere in this universe, i believe we are here with the obvious fact given absolutely nothing by ways of tools to cultivate this planet, only our free will and mind and an opportunity to show our creator what the children can do together. i believe the atheists are neglected persons who have been hurt in early childhood by abuse in physical or verbal means, i believe atheists have been hurt by their fellowman and are disgusted by the actions of others who call themselves followers of a higher power, i believe those who did hurt the atheists sometime in their lives were no strong followers of faith in god, but in fact, like them an atheist, hurt too somewhere in life and the cycle continues. i believe the atheists are a function of mans behavior towards one another. i believe when man is mans best friend, we make sure we are all fed, all housed, all educated, all loved, when all man no matter what struggle is place upon them, they will fight and defend their fellowman as children of god, i believe when this day comes, there will be no atheists upon this earth. why, because the days of faith will end upon this planet as man has performed his initial goal as children of god- THY will be done on earth as it is in heaven. I believe this world will be visited by an advanced civilization, one which is our connected family within this universe, i believe answers for our existence will come, they will come when man continues to struggle to fight for the life and dignity of all the human race. I believe it has been said by the Christ- my kingdom is not of this world- this implies our roots are not only from earth, but another place in the universe and all is connected. i believe the supernatural events depicted by the Christ is an example of power that has been respected by many cultures in pyramids in ancient societies, i believe when man places his soul in a higher power with faith we are far greater than we can comprehend at this stage of our growth upon this planet, your soul will find comfort. it is clear we have division in today’s world with spirituality and who is right or wrong, what language do we speak, what culture, who is true, who is false. I believe life is a struggle, since our time in inception from swimming amongst our brothers to find our mate;) to life itself the struggle, i believe god has given us a wonderful place for all of us to come together and struggle to make peace on earth. i believe we will succeed as children of a higher god.
Today on September 25-2008, i had enough of negative talk, something i have never been a part of my entire life as i have been blessed with genetics, luck, whatever that since high school one of my descriptive nicknames was Mr. positive. I was also blessed with good deal of physical strength, so much so several years after i find myself in my personal Disney land- marine corps bootcamp and the infantry- an environment not for the faint of heart and will place a bar very high for you- i have enjoyed jumping over it with a smile:)
I graduated the marine corps with the understanding of discipline, coupled with being introduced with a beautiful form of religion-Christianity- i embarked upon life with a very bright and illuminated trail. there was never darkness- not in over 2000 solo hiking trips in the mountains day or night- rain or blizzard - to the darkest corners of cities and mans behavior in order to explore and investigate our fellowman- there is never darkness when one walks with the Christ in his heart.
for me-the story of the Christ is completely opposite to what many see as reality on the ground. life can be very hard. most of the earths inhabitants don’t have electricity to filter and pump water- to keep warm in winter and cool in summer and so on. many die prematurely of diseases from the most simplest ailments in life.Living in such a life gives many an excuse to infringe on others for their own sustenance and life. In the understanding of the Christ, here is an example of the life one should live in the eyes of god, this is the highest form of life- to attain such in one life’s time is a struggle indeed as children of god are bound on earth in animal bodies subject to hormones, frailty of daily living with abuse and conflicts, it can be very hard at times for some of us. Yet we know even in our own lives we know people like the Christ to some degree. a warm spirit to console with, a friend when you need it, someone who is there for you when most others fail us.
They say the art of positivity adds to the health of a human being. what doctor would even debate the truth of placebo pills. the power of the mind is infinite, and maybe some day all man will perfect the ways to teach our children to be strong as steel in adversity, and kind as the Christ to one another in any circumstance. maybe that day will come universally as we see some amongst our lives that come close to being that soft gentile spirit to calm the savage beast at times. That is the Christ to me, there is much more i see in the life he lived- yet at this moment, the story of his life for the betterment of mankind even up to the day he is crucified and yet prays for his assailants as the Christ surely knows man knows not what he does. such an example of faith-the highest form i have ever witnessed by description. some say made up, maybe most of the things we hear on anything in life are twisted in some manner. for me and many Christians i believe, is faith, for a human being to place his soul in absolute faith for the life lived by a human being is a great leap of faith and action. man has the free will to love and live the deeds of anyone they wish- mighty Caesar of Rome- Ganges khan of Mongolia-whomever- or even positive speakers like tony robbins and others have their fan clubs. To place our soul in trust with an entity such as the christ- the type of behavior any parent wishes upon their offspring. the opposite of dog eat dog and mans thirst for barbarism as he struggles for life on a planet with enemies both human and not-from animals to simple bacteria and viruses- life is a struggle. The Christ is a spirit with unlimited compassion and strength to endure thru prejudice-hatred-stupidity-why- for he knew the way-the truth-and the life. here is a story of a human being communicated by god as his precious messenger.
In a world where many go to fortune tellers-palm readers-spirit talkers-etc etc, everyone is aware this life is some kind of test of growth amongst many other things as we live a great gift if healthy and stable to enjoy it, as much as we declare boldly we know what is going on- we know very little- and an answer can come from anywhere- from the homeless person on the street- to some spiritual talker that maybe tunes in at times with the spirit world all man will someday revisit after death. The Christ was given great strength-and thru him we too can find great strength merely by faith.I am not sure if i explained this properly, as i have never been a writer, more a science person my entire life, but i want to describe what was my primary drive in the core of my soul as i embarked upon the earth in my life.
I believe this core of understanding was in place since the age of 17 for me, and the decades came on as i struggled,lived and loved as many do in our lives. at the pinnacle of the age of 42,last year, i believe i have succeeded with an experiment and ideology never before conceived of in science. an experiment which maybe in time will prove to be the end of the energy crises with no greenhouse gases. sounds wonderful doesn’t it, maybe it will turn out like that during my lifetime, but now is more than one year later from such a discovery, what has occurred in the meantime?
First, it is important to understand my drive during this past decade as a disciple of god, a follower of Christ, and a man of discipline with a full devotion and admiration for all the peoples of the earth that have come together in this fantastic country- America, and made such a wonderful environment for all of us to enjoy and prosper like no other generation EVER IN HUMAN HISTORY- Thank you america and the peoples within. I believe i have been on some kind of mission since the age of 17 with an intrinsic drive to find a scientific miracle for mankind to alleviate the ailments of society. life is good-but very hard for many- it should be apparent for those with eyes to see the sick and poor- and ears to hear many complain from hunger and abuse- and with our talents and compassion for one another if we posses the energy- let us come to one another s aid as we are all our brothers keeper. For me, as with so many- life has its challenges- maybe it was meant to be,but i like many became divorced with the fact of my son separated by 3000 miles since he was close to two years old, i truly don’t wish this on anyone- even my enemies if i had any. so i returned to my present kingdom to regroup and continue- the sanctuary of my parents home:) a place where love from my own father and mother provided a base for my energies- i survived this entire time as a self employed master electrician-almost every penny i ever made wne to experiments- sure there were some fun times- however, without question, with a small child in mind to make a life stronger for me and my own, i struggled to find answers in order to be rewarded for deeds, and as a duty to use god given talents during a once in a lifetime event-LIFE ITSELF in present form of character and personality. i don’t want to talk about reincarnation-maybe or maybe not- the world is not ready to officially make up its mind- we have way too many other hurdles to accomplish. it has been a decade since i had health insurance as i find it unaffordable as i needed my resources for experiments. this past decade i have surely lived close to a poverty level as i continued to find answers to make a better world, i was trying.
So last year came and i actually achieved to hand build something i have been trying to communicate with scientists for several years- i am not a phd person who speaks the language of academics- nor do i write nor care to in a fashion like a thesis paper. In a manner which on surface might seem completely arrogant i came upon the internet like an excited child with such a wonderful gift to relay- what i found quickly and harshly dashed my feelings of warmth and caring for one another.
I was lucky to be blessed in a large ape body, over 6 feet and 220 pounds most of my life- i have found it akin to being an military tank in which no one likes to make trouble with and i had the ability to walk anywhere i wanted to, i guess man respects man when they are bigger. i have never been a bully or abusive person, i never hit anyone my whole life, i am always the first to give the smile, i am always the one who sees the positive in any situation. when i came upon the internet, i found that many people live behind screen names and carry out abusive and harsh verbal attacks against one another. i was not used to this at all. i tried to make friends in many forums, but as soon as one would say something out of line- i deleted everyone and started over again- forum after forum for over a year i try to make conversation and try to engage with persons to come together and let us force a university to replicate my experiment to verify such a finding. ITS THE ENERGY CRISIS- our soldiers fight for it- our planet dues by it- and our global economy is about to collapse from it- and i live with the full conviction in my heart that my experiment will end this crisis- i should be received with open arms. i did not find this- i find that most people do not believe anyone- faith between one another is so degraded- its hard for anything good to surface amongst so much deceit.
Time will tell whether my science deeds are true or not, it cant stay forever a completely new way to attack the energy crisis can be left alone, but it was surely my duty to try and uncover it. magazine journals rejected me because i didn’t take the time to type and write it exactly the way they like it at elesvour or nature magazine- physics professor don’t even reply to emails as they think i am just the crazy scientists, i don’t get it. even my own friends at home don’t ask to help, even though they have asked me my whole life to fix this-and fix that as i was also blessed with that ability, and then my time came where i needed help, i asked for many to help spread the word- on the net, with friends, with concerned citizens0- i gues people dont like the way i talk,type,write,look,whatever, i am a one man show and i am trying.
several months into my solo efforts to stimulate others to replicate my experiment, as i endured abusive comments from many, the world of god told me to speak up, i thought maybe my faith will be tested along with many others. so i began to write about my life as a follower of chrism with a full belief that if my experiment yields the truth to clean energy for our civilization, i am a messenger with words of unity and peace for the 21st century, this is a long story, one in which i have documented on the net for 10 years now. however, i always kept it to myself- one may profess being a n atheists and that is completely fine for most people, however, just tell them you are a messenger of god and watch the anger-the bewilderment - its fascinating, it makes me feel really sad for the Christ and what he must endured trying to tell people love one another as they beat and killed him.However, i was fully aware this was very sensitive subject, but i believed I earned it, i believe i was visited in spirit with authorization to speak up as a messenger. maybe just to throw it mans face as they throw whatever they want in my face as i offer the solution to the energy crisis and met with such harshness, i believe god gave me the authority to do so. while man was living his life and knocking on wood for their desires, i was asking for the sickness of any child,m all children during this past decade as my efforts intensified to find a miracle for all of us. my prayers were to god that you made me too strong physically in a world where many are sick, please god bless me with strength to find answers for mankind, give me the sickness of any child- all children, i don’t know how this cosmic balance completely works, but offer my life for others to live, all i ask ids the grace to endure and find an answer in your holy name. this is what i didi for the past decade as i lived in my sanctuary with my parents at a poverty level trying to do something for all us.
so my writings and rhetoric became more harsh and abusive as i realized no one was helping, how come no one helps i wondered, why don’t friends care about the energy crisis, why doesn’t anyone on this internet connecting millions of people dont spread this discover, they sure do like to spread pictures of naked people and comedy jokes, what about solutions for all of us. i wasnt getting anywhere, and my writings got more abusive. i was fully aware i was going thru this period of frustration, and something was telling me good- let people know how even the good hearted ones that endure for all of us have obstacles, life is a struggle. it is meant to be this way for our growth, even in pour conception our little soldier sperm must endure amongst its many brothers and find its mate:) and to continue in life with struggle- from lifting weights to make the body strong- to studying vigorously to accelerate in academics and careers- to any endeavor in life- it is to be a struggle and man doesn’t want it any other way. look at the children, they say dont tell me what to do, i cant do that, yes yes i know this, i know that:) children are wonderful and the light of the world- you were a child once, then qe get confused with hormones and maybe some abuse by others and e are blind sided for many years if not right up to our graves without finding truth again, peace and stability with one another, with god of all nations and peoples beliefs as we all try to honor where our families go after death, man tries to honor god.
but my writings continued and i found myself beginning to do something i never did before, scare people. i don’t like it, but there is some reality to it, talks of war and financial ruins, it is around us, it was always with us since our time upon the earth, i am sure it was far more barbaric in the old days, and i believe we get better all the time, we try.and so now here i am, talks of war and negativity and i had enough of it.
To anyone who read anything i wrote in the past in which angered you, i am sorry, my motives were to provoke you to help in this energy crisis. to anyone in general who reads these words for the first time, I love god, i love the story of the Christ and i place my soul and spirit in complete faith and trust with such a spirit, to my fellowman, i had enough of negativity, i did so to portray even the good guys get beat up, but all is well and life is good indeed to just be alive and have still have some magic left in physical abilities, as for money and materialism, i never chased it before, i never will, i know we need enough to just live a stable life, but i followed the footsteps of the Christs, all is relative, my eyes were always focused on the sick and poor, i have been blessed my whole life, thank you god for such, i have made my peace with you last year this time, this year i make my peace with mankind. i pray my deeds of science are uncovered in a positive way to help alleviate the stress on man, if not, i sure did try, it was a struggle, i wouldn’t have it any other way.
They say 700 billion dollars will keep America from falling into the grips of a great depression. They say greedy wall street investors did it. Maybe all people were a little too greedy these past years,maybe we are all a little to blame for this financial crisis.
Maybe there is some truth to the atheistic and animalistic ways man must struggle for life and dominance for his survival, maybe a little too much dog eat dog and may the better men win at any cost, maybe like a backyard squirrel many of us horded and collected so much money during boom times we stuffed so much away for ourselves-our family-our descendants for many years,maybe a little too much me me me.
Maybe there is some truth to we are all the children of god-somehow placed on this magical and wondrous planet earth with a chance at free will and exploration to be better than before-to grow with enlightenment and prosperity for all our brothers and sisters on this ship we call earth-maybe we are all our brothers keeper- maybe there is some truth to one of the greatest of mans compassion towards one another- the Christ-the man called jesus- the entity many cherish as the symbol of a life lived and devoted for all of us in purity and love in the eyes of heaven-that in which he declared to the rich man ” GIVE IT ALL AWAY”. surely this statement is hard to believe and exercise-it seems to go against the grain of instinctive animal behavior- yet- there is logic and peace in such a statement as we are all the same family in times of need. soldiers know no color or creeds in battle-man feels the love he has with his own children-and sometimes in life we know inside this is the feeling the heavens have upon us as they watch uis during our growth upon earth- maybe there is some truth to this.
I say the American taxpayer is now asked to shoulder the burden- i guess we will and have no say- but i say to all who are rich -whether a person or corporation with an excess- give as much as you can away- match the 700 billion like a 401k- double it- triple it- let the children of the earth know we are one together- struggling at this life with food-health care-survival-and love for our children to prosper and build a better life-
give and match the 700 billion- maybe even a tax credit from uncle sam as a donation;)
sincerely yours
solomon azar-aka uncle sam to my nephews and nieces
god bless us,everyone
plan b- if the rich do not step up to the plate- here is plan B- the 700 billion bailout plan is equal to t boone pickens 700 billion dollars we spend on foreign oil and thus the greatest exchange of wealth in the history of mankind- THIS IS EXACTLY what has crippled America and other nations- energy has been eating at the fabric of our industrialized society for some time now- the dominoes have begun- first the financial sector- soon manufacturing and more- only a solution the energy crisis will prevent this and reignite America to greater prosperity- you want this to happen- pressure Princeton university to repeat my experiment for verification of truth- ENERGY IS THE KEY TO CIVILIZATION-dont believe me- go camping just one day in the woods and see how civilized you are
Thank you Nikola Tesla for you contributions to mankind, of the many valuable gifts you have endeavored to find, many still hold the belief that to this day something buried in your deeds is the key to unlimited clean energy. Your Tesla coil of lightning fascination is awe inspiring.
Thank you Albert Einstein for you contributions to mankind, of the many valuable gifts you have endeavored to find, many still hold the belief that to this day something buried in your deeds is the key to unlimited clean energy. Your simplicity to take all matter to an equation of E=mc^2 is fascinating and wonderful to contemplate in mans struggle to harness the world around us in our lives upon this beautiful blue ship called earth.
My name is Solomon Azar, i have taken both of your deeds amongst many others in this wonderful country of the united states in which a bounty has been uncovered in recent centuries by the labors of many fine men that pursue knowledge and mastery of the elements. The ability to control high voltage and frequency by lightning proportions of the Tesla coil under the ideology of Einsteins theory of special relativity and its effect upon charged particles- a method to resonate and oscillate charges particles in a magnetic pinching environment as simple and similar to an early caveman with two sticks to make fire- but this time- two electrodes immersed in special water-
In the year of our lord 2008, September 24, in a world crumbling by way of energy crisis-may my deeds of labor be vindicated very soon for the betterment of mankind.
ENERGY is the key to civilization, with an infrastructure man has put in place after so many thousand years of trying to survive in nature- an opportunity to fuel this foundation with clean abundant energy.
Time will tell
solomon azar-noblefuse-of hydrogen to helium-of all things
to whomever reads this story-if you want to save the world from global war and economic collapse from energy - email princeton plasma labs and force them to repeat my experiment as they are too arrogant to listen to the deed of a messenger-it will take a third party or and combined synergy of many people to convince their staff to act quickly-after 13 months of trying to instigate a society to do such- i still wait– when my system proves true to save the world of greenhouse gases and clean energy for all nations- you will say- THANK GOD–http://www.pppl.gov/-princeton labs/a>
Life is great-healthy and stable a bonus- in a life devoted for the sick and extreme poor with a resolute to use what talents i had in life to find a cure to alleviate mans struggle upon the planet- I WILL BE very happy when the first American university-(ANY at this stage)- replicate my experiment to prove I have found the road to safe clean abundant energy for our children s future- UNTIL then-anger and disgust at your lack of doing nothing for the true solution- .
Here is a thought experiment with Einstein in mind- you are a water molecule-and you live in a lightning bolt- i propose electromagnetic fusion to end the energy crisis
Pretend you are water-you are an oxygen atom- you are stable- you are noble- 8 protons-8 neutrons-and 8 electrons- there are only 5 magic shell nuclear elements of the periodic table- oxygen is one of them- it is very stable-
Therefore- you are stable and noble- now you are this noble one and you have outstretched in your hands a hydrogen atom and or its isotope deuteron and you hold it out to mankind as a gift- a water molecule
Man understands the gift of fusion for many years and is desperately trying to do such-
I propose electromagnetic fusion with heavy water to end the energy crisis- I propose the BENNET pinch used in poloidal currents used in plasmas of tokomaks since the 50’s- but much further-
Here we go – the thought experiment- you are this oxygen atom with two hydrogen’s and you stand amongst your friends similar in nature. You are placed in a large vessel filled of your kind-now imagine that two walls opposing in this vessel are the plates of a capacitor- who cares what is applied to the capacitor plates (electrodes of system)-for all you know as a noble oxygen and the hydrogen you have in your hands is nothing more than the electric field upon the plates-
You are composed of charged particles- thus you will interact with the applied electric field of the plates-this is common electronics and electric knowledge-
However, I speak of dielectric breakdown- I speak of the lightning bolt- let us now assume we have made the capacitor plates oscillate at 1 million volts peak to peak as way of a tesla coil
Think of the electric field- everything will be controlled by this field- a dielectric breakdown will occur- and all discharge current will begin to flow and oscillate as a function of the applied voltage-
Now- you are in the heart of a lightning bolt- you who are noble as a oxygen probably lost all your valence electrons due to the magnitude of such a high electric field- every charged particle in transit of the discharge current is surely ionized and talks of being a complete water molecule should be erased- the state of this plasma current is nothing more than ionized hydrogen and oxygen and a complete sea of electrons-
Let us think first of the electrons- 1896 times smaller than protons- no question it will oscillate much faster as a function to the applied voltage- remember the cathode ray scope- basic physics also will say this charged particle will also have a magnetic field about itself because of the electric field that has driven it-thus- this oscillating electron current will have an intrinsic magnetic field
Let us now think of the protons- oxygen has 8 and surrounded by 8 neutrons and is far less likely for reaction than isotopes of hydrogen for fusion- this should merely be understood by refereeing to atomic tables of elements and known theory- but this hydrogen is a singly bound proton with mass one- unless we speak of a deuteron- it will also be controlled exactly the same way as the electron is affected by the external applied voltage- however- it is opposite to the electrons motion-and much slower by its mass – however-its magnetic field will add to that of the electrons- this is standard knowledge of magnetic field generation of charged particles by way of electric fields-
Thus, in this thought experiment- within this state of dielectric breakdown- I like to say the lightning bolt- can you now see the oscillation of the charged particles by such a large magnitude of the applied voltage plates- can you now see the probability at a certain moment in time- particularly when the applied ac signal is greatest- that all magnetic fields of charged particles in transit can have the power to be magnetically pinched-
Magnetics have push and pull- it is well known that high frequency causes a constriction upon electrical currents- whether in copper lines and forcing such to the surface- or in plasma and made use to constrict it -high frequency is known to constrict the currents- thus- do you see the forces I am referring to as this dielectric breakdown has occurred upon the most perfect fuel of the heavens- water- this oxygen atom holds the hydrogen for us- we shall apply a high voltage(high is relative- I have stated 750kv in the vicinity of the hydrogen for fusion- I come to this by way of understanding the beta decay of a free neutron- if it can disintegrate- it can come together- made into a deuteron- then made into helium)-
Thus –we make helium and oxygen is then unbound and must also be recaptured- this is easy in expansion tanks- the byproducts are helium and oxygen-truly noble-
To increase the q of this system- a simple toroidal magnet as used in tokamaks for plasma control may be used for additional pinching-
I hope this helps- however- you must always think of the applied electric field and its magnetic inducement upon the charged particles- we will stably run the tesla coil upon the dielectric of water itself(more appropriately heavy water) and turn up the voltage for greater acceleration speeds and thus magnetic fields- we can control pressure in this vessel- we can control electrode spacing and so much more-
that is my thought experiment for you to understand it is my intention to use all input energy by way of oscillating a very large electric field which will induce the proper magnetic flux density in units of Tesla for a pinching- not established hot fusion whereby all energy input is chaotic and the probability of fusion comes by way of statistics from a gas equation- no- high voltage and high frequency in an orderly manner by the construction of a man made lightning bolt with controllable parameters inside an existing pressurized nuclear reactor- everything is off the shelf- the world will run on steam power again globally-from trains-factories-ships-and all power plants- i offer the Watt steam engine again- not with two sticks to make fire and boil the water- but electromagnetic fusion with two electrodes to induce fusion of hydrogen isotopes to boil water and make steam- it is absolutely perfect.
To the CEO’s of nuclear power plants-or pressurized coal fired- you have spare reactors in the back yards of your plants- take a 1 million volt Tesla coil and do what I have said- you will measure its fusion reactions and you will say to yourself– This is the road to safe clean energy.
The following video is my last attempt to stimulate society to a solution for the energy crisis. after a full time devotion and expense of speaking of this technology - my own energy to discuss this in a formal manner has exhausted- funny- my experiment ended symbolically with the use of my boot strings as a holding mechanism for the tunable primary inductance on my primary of the Tesla coil- it was my way of clearly showing my energy/finances/etc are completely exhausted as a one man attempt to address this energy crisis- and after 9 months of trying to inform my fellowman of such a new and novel approach of such a system( the lightning bolt and water) one in which i have been abused for my use of CAPITOL LETTERS or the way i say it/type it/ etc. i simply do not care to sugar coat anything- i don’t care even to edit my last video- may someone with the wits understand what is at hand- not just grammar and Hollywood production videos-
My sincerest gratitude to Robert Indech and Daniel Bowers . This ideology of electromagnetic fusion will only come to fruition by honorable human beings willing to invest time and energy into solutions for mankind. May your words of insight encourage others to investigate further this method of nuclear fusion I propose- for it has been my consistent belief when fully understood- IT is the road to safe clean commercial fusion in order to end the energy crisis with no harmful gas emissions-My highest honor and gratitude to you gentlemen- In one complete year upon the internet of trying to the fullest of my own energy to have society vindicate an experiment for all mankind’s benefits- you gentlemen are the first to have publically listed your name in a show of support to at least encourage others to investigate- This is the first sign of such I have witnessed-
Sincerely
Solomon Sami Azar
Noblefuse-march 31-2008-the Azar Fusion model thanks Daniel
Having read the lengthy discussion of theory and methodology of hydrogen fusion creation, it is apparent that the inventor has a basic command of the physics involved, but with some stretches. The basic technique is to utilize a tunable high energy Telsa coil to create an ionic acceleration in a plasma derived pathway from a sample of ordinary (pure) water laced with heavy water. It is not clear to me whether the experiment, as described in the disclosure, has been performed, as the text is lacking in specific details of results achieved. If fusion did occur, there should be high energy particle emission, and possibly high energy neutrons, which would require specific particle detectors to measure. Such measurements were not in the disclosure. Further, a plasma fusion reaction occurring suddenly, in any appreciable concentration of deuterium, would have the effect of a small thermonuclear bomb. This result would be quite noticable.
I do not think that larger scale experimentation is required; just more careful experimentation with the equipment he has. Utilizing 100% heavy water, easily obtainable from Sigma Chemical among others, would be a good start. Employing thermal monitors, a controlled chamber for the reaction, and radiation detectors may yield some examable data, which could proceed to a controlled form of fusion. After all, what he is really describing is a form of hot fusion whereupon the heating is caused by the emission of the high frequency high voltage Tesla coil output.
At present, there is insufficient information to assign a T100 rating. The inventor is welcome to give us more details; after all, he has already submitted for patent his theory and device. If the method works as advertised, it would be given a T1 rating.
Viewing the video, the author needs to be congratulated for putting his ideas into practice. His technique is to discharge a high voltage (tunable) high frequency Tesla coil into a water bath, which may have some components of heavy water. In the video and comments he mentions putting 6000 watts into the water. Further, he notes that the Tesla coil itself gives off Gamma bursts, so that those measured could not be ascribed directly to the fusion process.
I did see no mention of measurement of high energy neutrons (admittedly which is a very difficult thing to measure). The requirement of 750 KV is mentioned often. Is that the potential needed for acceleration of the hydrogen to produce fusion?
The system could certainly be downsized to experiment with. What frequency is being used to resonate in the water? There are other, more stable power systems rather than Tesla coils, which produce a very clean high voltage, high frequency waveform, but with very little amperage. More significantly, such sources would not have Gamma ray emission, so that any detected rays would necessarily come from the fusion process itself.
In the Azar Fusion model, a Tesla coil discharging between two electrodes in water creates a plasma state following dissociation of the water to hydrogen and oxygen. The intense electric field causes an acceleration of the hydrogen ions toward the negative electrode, at a velocity that may reach relativistic speeds. As any accelerating charged body also emits a magnetic field, so too does the moving proton. The field so generated is akin to that of the magnetic field around a current carrying wire: the magnetic vector is strictly angular, whose magnitude decreases as the inverse square of the distance between the test point and the moving proton. If there is another moving proton nearby with the same vector direction as the first moving proton, then this magnetic field will give rise to a force on the second proton that is directed radially inward to the first proton. A bunching up of the parallel protons, or “squeeze” will occur. These equations and effects are fully described in the inventors “scientific” disclosure.
The inventor makes the leap that the subsequent radial velocity caused by this magnetic bunching effect is sufficient to overcome the natural Coulombic repulsion between these two protons, so much so that fusion will occur. For proton fusion, a velocity equivalent to 200-300 million degrees Kelvin is necessary IN THE RADIAL DIRECTION BETWEEN THE FUSION PROTONS. For deuterium fusion, only 20-30 million degrees Kelvin equivalent velocity. The Telsa coil pulse provides a longitudenal acceleration of the protons; it is the magnetic pinch effect that provides the radial acceleration. Thus, simply increasing the intensity of the Tesla coil may achieve a change in longitudenal velocity from .95 to .98 of the speed of light, but the corresponding radial net velocity would not be anywhere near that amount.
It is possible, however, for fusion to occur in isolated regions of the wave pathway between the two electrodes, as an accelerated proton in split water may impact a water molecule just before it has been split; in this case the enormous velocity imparted to the proton may be sufficient to overcome the Coulombic barrier. However, this is not a magnetic pinch effect, but it may give rise to some low level evidence of fusion occurring. In this case, one should do an energy balance to see if the net process is economically profitable (i.e. muon based fusion is possible, but not profitable).
The major problem with the Farnsworth Fusor is instability. The Fusor, when operated at fusion levels, with give rise to jets of ions which escape the spherical confining field. Thus, the Fusor fusion is possible, but not profitable. Perhaps this inventor can combine the two technologies, and utilize the magnetic pinch effect to bring stability to the fusion process, thus making the device possible and profitable. That is, utilize a deuterium water source, use a tunable Tesla coil to energize two electrodes, both electrodes set at the output potential of the coil, and surround the electrodes with a grounded open type electrical wire sphere. The AC oscillation induced by the Telsa coil may be sufficient to create stability so that ion jets do not form. Just a suggestion.
I will admit that the calculations behind the physics are over my head but I understand magnetic fields, fields of energy, and how it is necessary to smash particles together to capture nuclear energy.
A plasmoid is a stabilized ball of plasma which is contained within its own magnetic field. Chukanov discovered this and along with his work in cold fusion has grasped the concept.
The Bussard Polywell device with concentric magnetic fields is a way to manipulate the flow of the plasma to get the necessary reaction. It was adapted from the Farnsworth–Hirsch Fusor.
After much experience reviewing plasma systems and every type of fusion reactor known to the wiki world and after reviewing the noble fuse technology I have come to a conclusion.
The concepts behind the Azar Fusion device are sound. Sandia National Labs achieved temperatures in excess of 2 billion degrees kelvin which is hot enough to achieve aneutronic fusion of Boron 11. For Mr. Azar to achieve the temperatures and the necessary velocity in order for fusion to occure with hydrogen or deuterium is very much conceivable. 100 to 300 million degrees kelvin in this device seems possible.
Last month you asked me to review a magnetohydrodynamic ocean generator which used the water as the containment field for a solid state magnet generator. Mr. Azar has applied the same principle to his technology utilizing the water to contain the magnetic field. Within this magnetic field electricity is passing at a high speed and the ionized particles get caught in the plasma pinch.
The concept for using a toroid to give increased efficiency is one that is applied in most fusion reactors to date.
The potential for scaleability, the simplicity and reproducability of the Noble Fusion technology gives this system merit when it comes to the development of viable free energy devices.
There are novel concepts with water based fusion reactors when it comes to containment and replenishing fuel. I believe that there is the potential for atmospheric pressure devices and much development that may stem from this technology. My first suggestion would be to employ the concept of the Farnsworth Hirsch Fusor in a heavy water based reaction vessel.
If the technology can be validated it will open the doors to the development of optimized devices. I have many recommendations for alternate configurations in mind but I wil save those for another day.
I answered these questions in a atheism blog site today-September 23-2008- i quickly left my reply in 5 minutes- i believe you will at least understand where i am coming from. Also, maybe someday a Utopian world is built- one in which- a human being such as myself with an intrinsic drive for science may live a full life in my personal interests to add to this masterpiece mosaic of life itself- BUT I DO NOT LIVE IN A UTOPIAN WORLD- i live in a world where atheists battle spiritual persons- one religious dogma curses another - why- we are still primitive with the forces of nature confronting civilization sickness disease and lack of resources for many- thus- our duty continues until we get it right- my life has been completely of science-however-my primary drive was faith in god with Christ as a chosen spirit upon earth- scientifically it makes complete sense to me- for if there is a god- what type of human being would he like- the Christ has lived a life of love for all- even in the face of torture- the Christ still prays for us as HE UNDERSTOOD man does thge stupid things we do because we still are primitive and stupid- but enlightenment and growth is in our dna- we shall cultivate this planet to complete utopia-PERIOD- i used to think 10,000 years or so was quick to master the elements and come together for us to know one another- after 13 months on this net being ignored as I offer a new solution for the energy crisis never before in science-based upon ten years of offering solutions with no help from no one- as they invest in gambling and other forms of stupidity- i now realize why it took so long- this animal body we are placed within is full of hormones and chemicals of a very delicate balance- to be healthy and stable is a gift- it is the strong that must shoulder this extra burden of carrying our loved ones that are not so fortunate to keep pace-together we make global peace- the meak shall inherit the earth- the poor in spirit are our brothers and sisters and family members- all must be given a chance to see the truth of our collective history to master this planet under god- - a time has come whereby all religious leaders must find common ground of respect towards one another for our children to be raised with compassionate qualities for all of us-the alternative-live like an atheist with no consequences towards one another and see how fast it all goes to hell-now you will see why America is crumbling- like the soviet atheist union- but it was meant to be- to document upon the media a half century of decadent behavior and its consequences- IF you want to save America before further economic turmoil- force Princeton plasma labs to replicate my experiment for truth- as they continue to ignore the voice of some calling himself a messenger of god- when my system proves true- you will say thank god- as I have already
*********************************************
If these questions pertain to you please answer them, and feel free to ask us anything.
The passages below prove for a fact that the Bible is repulsive, if you want to say “well that’s the
Old Testament, Jesus came and made it all better” then you still have to explain “why?” God murdered
so many people/children and ordered the death of people/children.******
since the beginning- there are those that do not conform to the “good’-the laws of society and god- these are the atheists since time immortal- thus- in an atheistic and ape like fashion man has battled between one another- it is the atheistic way in order to teach them when all humanity marches to the beat of the same drum- we are one- respect spirituality of all nations-respect mans wishes to know our lives continue- and our forefathers live in peace and WATCH us continue trying to master this earth for our collective stability- we are trying-atheistic offer nothing but nothing
In many ways Christianity is unoriginal, many religious concepts/texts before the Bible we very similar,
were all the man made gods before and after your God fakes and yours just happens to be right?
first and foremost- Christ is king- i respect all religions of all lands as it is the noble effort of man to honor the heavens- our place where we meet after death- the Christ is the most positive and kindest spirit ever described by humanity- for a human being to worship this type of personality is to cultivate a human being with compassion- or shall we make atheists- no consequences- let me have your wife or mother or daughter- for i am strong in body and mind and you are weak- thus- i will take you over and your assets- that is atheism- Christ is love- all man universally must learn these ways as a culture for uniform love and respect in all lands- otherwise- let the battles continue as the atheistic dogs(descendants of the wolf) continue in their animalistic ways
Why does God let us suffer so much? Every five seconds a child dies of hunger, why?
YOU CAUSE THE SUFFERING- not god- we are given the gift of life and free will- what shall we do- WE MASTER THIS earth and continue to soldier on in the light of day with love for the heavens- our forefathers- we cure diseases and help the sick and poor- we are better off than last century- we continue and make next century even brighter- this is done by love of god thru christ- not atheism in no consequences for an after life- live for now will make human beings do whatever they like- let half a century of this now portrayed in the greatest country prove atheism must die once and for all
If evolution is just a theory, can you please explain to us what a scientific theory is?
i believe in evolution- it is fantastic the god like mind of man may retrace his footsteps- however- the missing link are the words of god since time immortal- since man made pyramids and honored the sky- this evolution has occurred for our dna/spirit eons ago in the universe- we are here to cultivate this planet and grow as children- if atheistic man may easily believe there are advanced entities of the universe- just what do you think the highest form is in the universe- GOD- the greatest and highest- our source of life and we must respect our roots that have guided us since time immortal- we are given enough to guide us- the rest is up to us- dont you see children that always say let me do it- i can do it- dont tell me what to do-etc etc- all man wants to do it themselves- dont help- i can do it-THUS_ DO IT- make our forefathers proud of you- the heavens- Christ is king with love and compassion for man- we focus our hearts and minds on such a person for our own guidance- or shall we learn the ways of Tony Montana-the world is yours
Do you admit that you deny evolution because of your religious bias?
i can be born in any land and learn the ways of this land- language-religion-culture- i may learn of science and spend my entire life with it- my conclusion- we only know but a tiny fraction of what is in front of us- i believe several thousand years(since our beginning as we know it by art-language-whatever) we have honored god- it has been stated THY will be done on earth as it is in heaven- thus- we are not done yet- we must make a world for all our children to grow and prosper in peace- LIKE AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATION- we are children to it- not a stupid monkey -wake up
Do we have free will? If so, will we have free will in heaven?
you will find out when you die
Can you admit that we can only assume that a god exists?
if we exist as the most advanced entity on earth- i believe a greater force exists in the universe and probably right in front of us and we cant see it- just like a child who plays peek a boo with you- they stand in the very open -so cute- yet- they don’t understand what is in front of them- we are children to god- you who ask strong questions of god- if you can master gravity or electricity for the benefit of mankind- then speak of the power of god- understand besides man speaking a language like any animal on earth- you have done nothing to make life better for any of us- you contribute nothing to humanity- UNLESS YOU love god- the Christ- then you become a child of god- warm and caring to one another- we unite and continue to master this earth and make it better for all of us- WE DO NOT GIVE UP- we continue until peace on earth has come in gods name-
Why do you believe in things without any evidence?
do you believe in advanced entities of the universe- if you say yes- repent
Bush administration asks congress for 700 billion dollars
Saturday, 20 September 2008
In the US, the Bush administration is asking Congress to let the government buy 700 billion dollars in bad mortgages as part of the largest financial bailout in decades.
America is addicted to foreign oil.
It’s an addiction that threatens our economy, our environment and our national security. It touches every part of our daily lives and ties our hands as a nation and a people.
The addiction has worsened for decades and now it’s reached a point of crisis.
In 1970, we imported 24% of our oil.
Today it’s nearly 70% and growing.
As imports grow and world prices rise, the amount of money we send to foreign nations every year is soaring. At current oil prices, we will send $700 billion dollars out of the country this year alone — that’s four times the annual cost of the Iraq war.
With more than 700 billion dollars a year of our national wealth being exported to foreign nations in exchange for the importation of foreign oil, the US is gradually impoverishing itself while also continuing to put more greenhouse polluting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
THIS does not even mention oil for heating homes(total foreign supply cost is approx. 2 trillion dollars for heating our homes and driving our cars at the expense of sending our money elsewhere)- as T. Boone Pickens calls it- “Greatest Wealth Transfer in Human History”
My name is solomon azar- I have been on the internet for over 13 months asking you to force a university to simply replicate my experiment- I will guarantee you that you will probably not understand my system even though i describe it in very simple terms- I believe this is part of the reason why no one has help assist this to be uncovered- I conducted all my experiments alone at a poverty level- i try my best to convince you to help and prevent a global catastrophe- I have found people really dont care to help one another unless they see an immediate return to themselves- THIS atheistic capitalistic mentality that has gripped western civilization this past half century has now crippled and bankrupt America as its motto of ” greed is good” at any expense to one another has now come home to roost-
you have one chance and one chance only to save our future- the energy crisis- I have solved it- it would be nice if the words and deeds of a human being may be taken up for a challenge as it is the noble deed to do.
The only variable civilization has to repair and strengthen our global economy is the solution to the energy crisis- PERIOD.
My sincerest gratitude to Robert Indech and Daniel Bowers . This ideology of electromagnetic fusion will only come to fruition by honorable human beings willing to invest time and energy into solutions for mankind. May your words of insight encourage others to investigate further this method of nuclear fusion I propose- for it has been my consistent belief when fully understood- IT is the road to safe clean commercial fusion in order to end the energy crisis with no harmful gas emissions-
My highest honor and gratitude to you gentlemen- In one complete year upon the internet of trying to the fullest of my own energy to have society vindicate an experiment for all mankind’s benefits- you gentlemen are the first to have publically listed your name in a show of support to at least encourage others to investigate- This is the first sign of such I have witnessed-
Sincerely
Solomon Sami Azar
Noblefuse-march 31-2008-the Azar Fusion model thanks Daniel
Having read the lengthy discussion of theory and methodology of hydrogen fusion creation, it is apparent that the inventor has a basic command of the physics involved, but with some stretches. The basic technique is to utilize a tunable high energy Telsa coil to create an ionic acceleration in a plasma derived pathway from a sample of ordinary (pure) water laced with heavy water. It is not clear to me whether the experiment, as described in the disclosure, has been performed, as the text is lacking in specific details of results achieved. If fusion did occur, there should be high energy particle emission, and possibly high energy neutrons, which would require specific particle detectors to measure. Such measurements were not in the disclosure. Further, a plasma fusion reaction occurring suddenly, in any appreciable concentration of deuterium, would have the effect of a small thermonuclear bomb. This result would be quite noticable.
I do not think that larger scale experimentation is required; just more careful experimentation with the equipment he has. Utilizing 100% heavy water, easily obtainable from Sigma Chemical among others, would be a good start. Employing thermal monitors, a controlled chamber for the reaction, and radiation detectors may yield some examable data, which could proceed to a controlled form of fusion. After all, what he is really describing is a form of hot fusion whereupon the heating is caused by the emission of the high frequency high voltage Tesla coil output.
At present, there is insufficient information to assign a T100 rating. The inventor is welcome to give us more details; after all, he has already submitted for patent his theory and device. If the method works as advertised, it would be given a T1 rating.
Viewing the video, the author needs to be congratulated for putting his ideas into practice. His technique is to discharge a high voltage (tunable) high frequency Tesla coil into a water bath, which may have some components of heavy water. In the video and comments he mentions putting 6000 watts into the water. Further, he notes that the Tesla coil itself gives off Gamma bursts, so that those measured could not be ascribed directly to the fusion process.
I did see no mention of measurement of high energy neutrons (admittedly which is a very difficult thing to measure). The requirement of 750 KV is mentioned often. Is that the potential needed for acceleration of the hydrogen to produce fusion?
The system could certainly be downsized to experiment with. What frequency is being used to resonate in the water? There are other, more stable power systems rather than Tesla coils, which produce a very clean high voltage, high frequency waveform, but with very little amperage. More significantly, such sources would not have Gamma ray emission, so that any detected rays would necessarily come from the fusion process itself.
In the Azar Fusion model, a Tesla coil discharging between two electrodes in water creates a plasma state following dissociation of the water to hydrogen and oxygen. The intense electric field causes an acceleration of the hydrogen ions toward the negative electrode, at a velocity that may reach relativistic speeds. As any accelerating charged body also emits a magnetic field, so too does the moving proton. The field so generated is akin to that of the magnetic field around a current carrying wire: the magnetic vector is strictly angular, whose magnitude decreases as the inverse square of the distance between the test point and the moving proton. If there is another moving proton nearby with the same vector direction as the first moving proton, then this magnetic field will give rise to a force on the second proton that is directed radially inward to the first proton. A bunching up of the parallel protons, or “squeeze” will occur. These equations and effects are fully described in the inventors “scientific” disclosure.
The inventor makes the leap that the subsequent radial velocity caused by this magnetic bunching effect is sufficient to overcome the natural Coulombic repulsion between these two protons, so much so that fusion will occur. For proton fusion, a velocity equivalent to 200-300 million degrees Kelvin is necessary IN THE RADIAL DIRECTION BETWEEN THE FUSION PROTONS. For deuterium fusion, only 20-30 million degrees Kelvin equivalent velocity. The Telsa coil pulse provides a longitudenal acceleration of the protons; it is the magnetic pinch effect that provides the radial acceleration. Thus, simply increasing the intensity of the Tesla coil may achieve a change in longitudenal velocity from .95 to .98 of the speed of light, but the corresponding radial net velocity would not be anywhere near that amount.
It is possible, however, for fusion to occur in isolated regions of the wave pathway between the two electrodes, as an accelerated proton in split water may impact a water molecule just before it has been split; in this case the enormous velocity imparted to the proton may be sufficient to overcome the Coulombic barrier. However, this is not a magnetic pinch effect, but it may give rise to some low level evidence of fusion occurring. In this case, one should do an energy balance to see if the net process is economically profitable (i.e. muon based fusion is possible, but not profitable).
The major problem with the Farnsworth Fusor is instability. The Fusor, when operated at fusion levels, with give rise to jets of ions which escape the spherical confining field. Thus, the Fusor fusion is possible, but not profitable. Perhaps this inventor can combine the two technologies, and utilize the magnetic pinch effect to bring stability to the fusion process, thus making the device possible and profitable. That is, utilize a deuterium water source, use a tunable Tesla coil to energize two electrodes, both electrodes set at the output potential of the coil, and surround the electrodes with a grounded open type electrical wire sphere. The AC oscillation induced by the Telsa coil may be sufficient to create stability so that ion jets do not form. Just a suggestion.
I will admit that the calculations behind the physics are over my head but I understand magnetic fields, fields of energy, and how it is necessary to smash particles together to capture nuclear energy.
A plasmoid is a stabilized ball of plasma which is contained within its own magnetic field. Chukanov discovered this and along with his work in cold fusion has grasped the concept.
The Bussard Polywell device with concentric magnetic fields is a way to manipulate the flow of the plasma to get the necessary reaction. It was adapted from the Farnsworth–Hirsch Fusor.
After much experience reviewing plasma systems and every type of fusion reactor known to the wiki world and after reviewing the noble fuse technology I have come to a conclusion.
The concepts behind the Azar Fusion device are sound. Sandia National Labs achieved temperatures in excess of 2 billion degrees kelvin which is hot enough to achieve aneutronic fusion of Boron 11. For Mr. Azar to achieve the temperatures and the necessary velocity in order for fusion to occure with hydrogen or deuterium is very much conceivable. 100 to 300 million degrees kelvin in this device seems possible.
Last month you asked me to review a magnetohydrodynamic ocean generator which used the water as the containment field for a solid state magnet generator. Mr. Azar has applied the same principle to his technology utilizing the water to contain the magnetic field. Within this magnetic field electricity is passing at a high speed and the ionized particles get caught in the plasma pinch.
The concept for using a toroid to give increased efficiency is one that is applied in most fusion reactors to date.
The potential for scaleability, the simplicity and reproducability of the Noble Fusion technology gives this system merit when it comes to the development of viable free energy devices.
There are novel concepts with water based fusion reactors when it comes to containment and replenishing fuel. I believe that there is the potential for atmospheric pressure devices and much development that may stem from this technology. My first suggestion would be to employ the concept of the Farnsworth Hirsch Fusor in a heavy water based reaction vessel.
If the technology can be validated it will open the doors to the development of optimized devices. I have many recommendations for alternate configurations in mind but I will save those for another day.
My name is solomon azar- I have been on the internet for over 13 months asking you to force a university to simply replicate my experiment- I will guarantee you that you will probably not understand my system even though i describe it in very simple terms- I believe this is part of the reason why no one has help assist this to be uncovered- I conducted all my experiments alone at a poverty level- i try my best to convince you to help and prevent a global catastrophe- I have found people really dont care to help one another unless they see an immediate return to themselves- THIS atheistic capitalistic mentality that has gripped western civilization this past half century has now crippled and bankrupt America as its motto of ” greed is good” at any expense to one another has now come home to roost-
you have one chance and one chance only to save our future- the energy crisis- I have solved it- it would be nice if the words and deeds of a human being may be taken up for a challenge as it is the noble deed to do.
please email princeton university plasma labs to repeat my experiment- or write to the energy department of the usa govenment- the future in in your hands- i try alone- i believe i will be successful when a second human being helps carry the cross
I have completely lost my faith—with mankind’s willingness for global peace and unity and a spiritual revival for love between mankind- I believe global war will fix this- it comes-
man has battled between one another since time immortal-why- go live just one day in the woods and see how wonderful paradise is for the children of god bound in an animal body -life is hard with nature and decease and when the resources get tough and scarce- if you are not like me- we will battle- ans man has nobly done so - all is understood in the realm of god-
but when do the children of god stop?- prior to world war one- the age of mechanization born out mans achievement of several thousand years of cultivating the earth and trying to master the elements to mans security and stability- man declared- surely- THIS IS THE WAR TO END ALL WARS- we even developed films for us to watch what we did- mustard gas and bombs on our brothers in trenches- wonderful-
but it continued-why- we were in the age of eugenics still- one race is greater than another- thus- world war two with the disciple of god- adolph hitler- an ugly duty like judas to show mankind the battle between those who believe in such a belief-against the slaves of the earth- best represented by the Jews- ancient slaves to the first civilization on earth-
but it still continues-why- for our future children to clearly understand what is true- in the documentation of the 20th century by video for any human being to witness for themselves- an opportunity never before in the history of mankind- can every single child of god be witness to the truth- thus- in this present era of mankind in which debates god or no god- drugs-sex-gluttony-etc etc- man by FREE WILL explored all avenues of temptation for it was meant to be-we have prison shows that teach us about the so called evil people who are just you and me with a reason for doing such- we have movies describing all the cultures of the earth- man has now documented all aspects of human behavior in the extremes of mans desire- it was meant to be- why- for our children-
YOU who lived through this turmoil and confused by it- you who cant understand why the children of god still treat one another in an ungodly/spiritual way- it was meant to be-
and now the time has come- have we not documented enough wars between man to understand we are all truly on the same team- it would be easy to respect every color of race on earth after genetic engineers make drugs to change any feature-must we wait? it would be easy to unite in peace if the hand of god showed itself with power- or do we act by faith as this has been our test of growth on this planet-
why does it continue- because we need an official order to unify by a messenger of god-and this is who I am- i understand you will find this hard to believe- i will remind you-even all the disciples of jesus did not stand by his side during persecution-
I believe i have been chosen to be the scapegoat for humanity to unify- i have not come to teach- you have enough words of wisdom-i would only repeat the same words- i respect all the spiritual ways of all the lands as it is mans noble effort to try to communicate with god and our eventual home after death-however- it is my full conviction to let every human being to understand i have lived and followed the life of the Christ- this is highest form of living as a child of god i have witnessed in any culture and religion- it is not for disrespecting any culture nor peoples- more so to build a world that needs to unify- English must be the universal global language for the children to communicate their needs for- let all the children know the ways of the Christ for universal spirituality- respect all nations ways as they must respect the ways taught to them by their forefathers-
my purpose is to give orders- an age of unity begins- this will be understood when a major problem in humanity is alleviated- the energy crisis- someday it will be found that my ideology and experiments I have concluded on april 2007 will achieve this- when it is understood clean abundant energy comes to earth in order to fuel humanity- it must be understood that the discoverer has been a disciple of god- never an atheist- but i must tell you- i understand your position- for faith is the greatest test of strength for the greatest entity of this universe- we are the children to it- i have been shown the power and glory and my conviction is thus strengthened-
i have now said these words for over one year- my tenth year as i was aware of being the messenger- my 43rd year living-
I do not see strong signs of anyone of any degree of faith to assist in uncovering my science deeds in order to be proven true - all the while the global nations prepare for greater war over energy- America already battles in the middle east- Russia mad e play for Georgia- the first nation on earth to adopt Christianity of the eastern orthodox church- of which i was born and baptized into- and i even hear American political leaders say we must stand AGAINST RUSSIA for this tiny little nation- ENERGY is the key to civilization-
I do not believe mankind will stop this need for war over energy as I am completely ignored by scientists which have become atheists and i publicly declare myself a messenger- therefor- i believe global war comes-
thus- i write this letter and post upon personal blog site and myspace- why myspace in which i have resided for over one year- you are all human beings- all human beings must be accountable- this is network of over 100 million people- in this course of one year in my observations-i have surely witness what people like to spread amongst one another-
the time has come- if you have read this message-global war or global peace is in your hands
solomon azar
9-13-2008
addendum- later in the day i want to add this to the post: do i like to scare people about war- not at all- but war exists and continues to this day. it seems clear if energy reserves are not found soon- man will continue to keep his position stable- . I believe with full conviction my experiments will end this energy crisis- I TRY in every way possible to have this system proven correct- you would think a possible solution for the energy crisis is met with open arms- ut no question i have added to its delay by disclosing messenger status-well-since i said over one year- it is a conscious decision to do so and must be this way- my conclusions is based on an entire life lived as an observer-a scientists- when the world benefits from clean abundant energy- it will make complete sense- it came from the hands of a strong follower of god-not an atheist.
however, at this stage of the game- i am tired of doing everything alone-even kramer on seinfeld had an assistant:)- seriously- i had enough- i want my fusion system replicated by any credible university for verification in order for this to grow by ANYONE. i have concluded that there ” is a failure to communicate here” and possibly my fault(you think) i believe it is because of my level of expansion and enlightenment i have attained(keep your negative remarks to yourself)- like a 3rd grader trying to relay his information to his second grader brother- so on and so forth it is difficult to explain material from a higher level to those underneath-however- i concede i never gave direction during this whole time- i didn’t even know who to pressure-and no one else stepped up to the plate and gave direction on such an important topic- thus- here it is- if you want to save the world from war- and solve the energy crisis- pressure princeton plasma labs to simply replicate my experiment in order for an awakening during the process of such- my system seems too simple on the surface it is laughed at- yet- it is complex- however-make no mistake- this is exactly identical to a time in history where a caveman was trying to teach his fellow caveman how to rub two sticks- right under their noses-ugh
Today I officially equate Lightning Fusion to my electromagnetic fusion system for safe clean nuclear energy.Though the ideology is somewhat different from the majority of fusion products i propose via magnetic pinching- the name is perfect- lightning fusion- Fitting as the idea came to me as a lightning bolt whilst reading my favorite science book- sourcebook on atomic energy by Samuel Glasstone in the year 2002/2003-Time will tell.
“PhysOrg.com reports that according to calculations by B.M. Kuzhevsky, the head of the neutron research lab at Moscow State University, neutron levels far above normal background levels exist during lightning strikes. While only a small percentage of rainwater contains atoms of deuterium, the lightning still provides enough energy to create fusion events. Frequent Slashdot readers no doubt remember recent articles on Fusion induced by sonic compression and more recently by pyroelectric effect. Perhaps more controversially, and yet to be discussed on Slashdot, the NIF has possible plans for a hybrid fusion approach that uses not only deuterium and tritium, but uranium and plutonium as well in what amounts to a miniaturized version of how thermonuclear weapons achieve fusion. Fears are that this could lead directly to micro-H-bombs. This year has also seen the final selection of France for the ITER experimental Fusion Reactor site. With all the recent discoveries and developments in fusion research, my question for Slashdotters - are we on the verge of something big that will make fusion a practical reality in a much shorter time frame than the often quoted ‘30 years away, and always will be’?”
To produce thermonuclear reaction it is necessary, firstly, to have nuclei with a large quantity of neutrons available, for example, deuterium nuclei, and secondly, these nuclei should possess sufficiently high velocity and merge together upon collision, having overcome the Coulomb barrier. It turns out that all these conditions are observed in the course of a stroke of lightning - such a conslusion is evident from calculations by B.M. Kuzhevsky, Ph.D., head of the neutron research laboratory, Skobeltsin Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics (Moscow State University).
Deuterium is always present in water: on average, a molecule of DHO (water, where one of hydrogen atoms is replaced by deuterium) falls to 6,800 molecules of H2O. That means - taking into account the quantity of water vapour available in the atmosphere (i.e. 5х10^-4 g/cubic centimeter) - there will be 10^15 deuterium atoms per cubic centimeter. In lightning, these atoms turn into ions and are capable of gathering speed up to considerable energy.
With the lightning canal diameter varying from 2 millimeters to 5 centimeters, and discharge duration making the ten-thousandth of a second, it proves that billions of deuterium atoms will have time to start reacting with each other and to generate precisely two times less atoms of helium-3 and neutrons. These neutrons already possess enormous energy - 2.45 MeV. However, in the atmosphere of our planet they are capable of living at most for 0.2 seconds, during which they will inevitably meet with nitrogen atoms and be absorbed by them. This time period is sufficient for neutrons to fly a distance of one or two kilometers.
The calculation has been also confirmed by experimental data. The DYAIZA facility developed at the Institute and installed in Moscow at the Vorobyevy Hills repeatedly recorded neutron emission peaks during thunderstorms, their magnitude exceeding that of the background by hundreds of times.
Several important conclusions can be drawn from the above effort. Firstly, this helps to solve a long-standing puzzle: why cosmonauts on board the MIR space station observed high neutron background in the area of the equator. Keeping in mind that thunderstorms permanently burst out in this region, it is easy to guess where high neutron background comes from. Secondly, the same mechanism should also work in the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter where thunderstorms are also frequent and sporadic neutron streams should arise there. That means that investigation of these planets’ neutron emission should take into account this particular fact not to confuse by accident “thundery” neutrons with some other neutrons.
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Electro-Magnetic Fusion= Lightning Fusion–equations are complete in pdf form at noblefuse.com
“The Marriage of Hot and Cold Fusion”
By: Sam Azar
www.noblefuse.org
I offer a completely new approach in achieving an abundant energy output via the nuclear fusion process. This paper is an elaboration of my patent registered with the United States Government titled “Nuclear Fusion Generator”US60/840,493 or NFG system. In the title of this paper where I pronounce the statement of “The Marriage of Hot and Cold Fusion”, I desire to offer the reader in what mode of science does this new approach takes in which I have named Electro-Magnetic Fusion, or Lightning fusion. In the following pages it shall be apparent that indeed what is being presented has the attributes of both classes ofnuclear fusion devices in that; in similarities to hot fusion, it is this authors fundamental belief that in striving for magnetic pinch qualities of relativistic charged particles that in itself is the cause of the actual nuclear combination of elements as opposed to simply being poloidal currents of magnetic strength in order to be contained by external magnification within vacuum vessel with sole intent of increasing temperature to that comparable to our Sun; the similarities to Cold fusion are merely that it is this authors use of the liquid state of water is used for several reasons which will be stated later, however, in which will be noted now that this mode of application has nothing to do with established theories of Cold Fusion to date, in fact it is this authors opinion that what is new and novel being presented will actually describe the superfluous positive results of Cold Fusion and in fact are the result of the modes of excitation I believe are generated when electrical current traverses a liquid hydrogenous solution and not at all with the belief in the “catalytic” cleaving actions of various electrode materials used in Cold Fusion cells.
In what is to follow in this paper, the reader is asked to keep this in mind; I have built an exceptionally crude NFG system and ACHIEVED POSITIVE EXCESS ENERGY. Let us first prime ourselves with the general background of Fusion of nuclear material. The nuclear fusion process offers the world a practically unlimited fuel supply that is also clean to the environment with no greenhouse gas emissions.It is known that to attain fusion of nuclear material, the “easiest” of all the available elements would be Hydrogen and its isotopes. Hydrogen with a subscript of H has only a single proton in its nucleus; the vast majority of hydrogen bound in water also has no neutron attached. If a neutron was attached it is called a deuteron or simply “D”. If yet one more neutron were attached as the third possible stable isotope of hydrogen (12 yr half life), its name is tritium or simply “T”. Hydrogen is seen as the candidate for fusion as opposed to all other elements because it has only one positive charge being the single proton. Hence, in trying to “squeeze” two hydrogen’s together the fundamental force needed is derived from Coulombs law;
(equation 1)
where:
is the magnitude of the force exerted,
is the charge on one body,
is the charge on the other body,
is the distance between them,
8.988×109 N m2 C-2 (also m F-1) is the electrostatic constant or Coulomb force constant, and
8.854×10−12 C2 N-1 m-2 (also F m-1) is the permittivity of free space, also called electric constant,
For the fusion of two hydrogen atoms, q1 and q2 is simply one charge value each as there is only one proton each interacting with one another. The amount of energy imparted unto the nuclei of hydrogen to penetrate the coulomb barrier is achieved via temperature. In particular the isotopes of hydrogen both D and T has been found to require less energy to surmount the barrier than hydrogen itself, by using the following understanding of the “gas equation”
(equation 2) (k here is Boltzman constant, T is temperature)
Kinetic energy depends entirely on temperature. Thus, with the known energy value needed to overcome the coulomb barrier, a temperature value of approximately several billion degrees is required. It is this understanding of the Hot Fusion plasma science that by increasing the temperature of a particle via gas equation 2, that enough energy will be imparted unto the nuclei for it to penetrate the Coulomb barrier. The plasma state is intensely hot and any material in its locale would be vaporized. The plasma state once derived has been contained and forced into the center of vacuum vessels by magnetic fields which hold the plasma current which possesses its own magnetic field derived from an electrical current induced within it as first described by W.H. Bennett in 1934 as a mode of plasma containment dubbed the “pinch effect”. Most vessel designs are built upon the concept of the Tokamak (Russian for toroidal chamber in magnetic coils) its shape is that of a toroid with nothing in its center to interact with the plasma channel because of intense heat. Modes of excitation of plasma are entirely derived externally from the toroid via transformers and other forms of additional energy are injected into said plasma such as; lasers,electron beams, and rf injection. It is desired that with such a high magnitude of energy via temperature in the system, a percentage of some collisions occurring between fuel atoms will fuse together and form a more stable atom of helium. This process of forming a more stable atom will create an exothermic energy output via the fusion reaction which is universally accepted. This energy is absorbed by the walls of the vessel. The heat is extracted from vessel walls by coolant fluid to heat exchangers. This heat will produce steam and subsequently electric generation.
There are various types of fusion machines just cited which employ the use of intrinsic magnetic pinching qualities of induced electrical currents, all of which have one fundamental characteristic in common in that the fuel used is in a gas state. This is logical as pure forms of hydrogen or its isotopes are in gas form. Hence, hot fusion machines have been designed around the discharge of energy within a gas state. However some forms of fusion machines use solid fuel pellets of D-T mixtures used in an inertial confinement system in which multiple laser beams are used to compress the fuel into a plasma state for fusion, or highly accelerated charged particles are diverged to a common center focal point as in the Fusor system. All of these noted systems would be in the generally labeled Hot Fusion. On the opposite end of the spectrum from hot fusion is cold fusion. This is akin to the reality of someday achieving superconductivity at room temperature. Cold Fusion uses liquid water and an electrical current is passed within it, it has been deduced that a nuclear fusion process is achievable with the use of electrode material which might posses the ability to act as a catalytic mediator for fusion to occur at a temperature far lower than the energies required in the plasma science fields of Hot fusion.
In my system I shall dispense with the need for temperature requirements altogether and the use of a gas state as a fuel medium. This gas state is a balance between the radiation pressure of the plasma state itself wanting to blow itself apart and balanced by the intrinsic nature of the magnetic field of its induced current (“Bennet pinch”) and applied external magnetic fields..
In my NFG system I fundamentally agree upon the use of fuel in a liquid state for several reasons: A far greater density of fuel available in the liquid state. Though it may be found that various liquids of different elements may be used as the fuel in the NFG system, I shall use water as the starter material because of its intrinsic simplicity of handling, abundance, and safety. Water is a molecule of H20, composed of 2 parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. Various concentrations of heavy water may be used for introduction of deuterons. It is in the liquid state up to a temperature of 374 Celsius and pressures may be attained in modern day vessels as high as 3500 psi such as in coal fired reactors. Present day pressurized water fission reactors use approximately 26oo psi to surround and cool the fuel rods of these fission assemblies. It is desired to have said NFG-system be a turn key device in which any fission power plant built under a pressurized system may simply have its fuel assemblies removed and have presently described NFG system to replace it and began a fusion process, leaving all surrounding hardware of fission apparatus essentially the same such as cooling and heat transfer mechanisms. Water as the fuel has the advantage of not only being the fuel itself, but also the moderator in temperature via the heat exchange system itself and subsequently for steam extraction and electric power generation. In existing magnetic fusion devices, the gaseous fuel of hydrogen which are then energized into the plasma state are controlled by its own magnetic field via an induced current (the Bennet pinch) and external magnetic fields for confinement. In my present system, the same basic principle applies, however it is desired to take the pinch to a far greater level, also, there will be an additional component of control I shall refer to as “liquid compression”. Let us begin to envision the device I describe as the “Nuclear Fusion Generator” or NFG.
FIG 1. Vessel housing fuel and fusion assembly
Reference to fig1. Imagine a large vessel of an arbitrary rectangular dimension containing the fuel water. Imagine the vessel to be large enough to also contain in its center an electrode assembly for arc discharge. Imagine this vessel to be large enough that there is sufficient distance from any wall to electrode assembly within center of vessel. Hence, ignore the walls of the vessel for now, however, understand it is filled with liquid water.
Voltage V1Voltage V2
Fig 2. Electrode assembly
Reference to fig 2 is a simple electrode assembly. Imagine in the center of this vessel two opposing electrodes. Each electrode is appropriately connected to the ends of a power source which supplies the electrostatic potentials V1 and V2 to the connected electrodes. There is a separation of distance between the electrodes facing one another. In between the electrodes facing one another is the dielectric medium of the fuel water which fills the entire vessel and maintained under pressure. Imagine a sufficiently high voltage applied from the voltage source to each electrode via V1 and V2 to initiate a plasma discharge through the dielectric fuel medium being water. Imagine this discharge to be great enough that the flow of plasma current is via a complete breakdown of fuel material water, or more appropriately the molecule of 2 parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. The source of the voltage is alternating current for several reasons. One; alternating currents will eliminate the gaseous amounts of elements occurring at each electrode as in an electrolysis system, for example whereby at an instant in time when one electrode is a cathode, negative relative to the opposing electrode being the anode, hydrogen gas would accumulate. Because of alternating current, the electrodes alternate between being cathode and anode, hence, the appropriate gas will be formed at each cycle, and an opportunity for recombination will result. Secondly and more importantly, because of inductive properties at higher frequencies, a sufficiently high enough frequency is required to “resonant” with the plasma discharge itself. It is known that additional magnetic qualities such as skin effect are reached as higher frequencies are obtained. This is understood as the magnetic energy component of the oscillating field has increased.This shall be elaborated later.Also, in regards to thoughts of possible “outgassing” of free hydrogen or oxygen which might occur and are within the vessel itself, it is realized that during plasma conduction of such a high amplitude of power, a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the form of x-rays and gamma rays will also be emitted, hence, a large activation energy potential resides within the vessel to “recombine” the out-gassed products into its more useable form of a water molecule. Of course, during its recombination back to a water molecule, the exothermic reaction will be absorbed by the medium, and hence, no energy is lost but contained in the vessel.
Reference to fig 3. This is a Tesla coil showing an Rf arc discharge from its discharge terminal and traversing thru air to primary ground on the power supply. This is an example of the type of power source required in order to initiate a plasma discharge between said electrodes and traversing thru the dielectric fuel water. Typical Tesla coils are known to reach potentials in excess of several hundred thousand volts and “relatively” high frequencies usually in the hundreds kHz range.
FIG 3 Tesla coil with rf current shorting to ground
Reference to fig 4: Because of the high voltage between electrodes within the vessel containing the fuel water, dielectric breakdown occurs within water and plasma current has been established between electrodes in which I refer to as being contained within an entire “Plasma Channel”. This Plasma Channel will consist of three distinct zones as noted in figure 4. The plasma zone at the very center will consist of free positive ions and negative electrons. Its temperature will be very hot as all plasma’s are by there very nature, thus, it is understood that at this center region, only ionized particles are traversing throughout the plasma zone. If we now move away from this center region of the plasma zone, we quickly find a region much cooler in temperature than the conducting portion of the plasma discharge. This zone I refer to as the gaseous zone. Because the temperature is still higher than 374 Celsius next to the plasma discharge, the fuel water will be gaseous in this area immediately adjacent to the discharge.H2o in the gas state will be found along with free hydrogen and oxygen. In continuing our distance away from the center of the plasma channel, the temperature is yet lowered to a point in which the molecule of water is now in a liquefied form(less than 374 Celsius). This zone shall be referred to as the liquid zone, and it continues to the walls of the vessel. Hence, as there have been described three distinct zones within the vessel containing the plasma channel, there are accordingly two distinct boundary layers evident; first is the boundary layer between the plasma zone itself and the gaseous zone of; secondly, there is a boundary layer between the gaseous zone and the liquid zone. These two “boundary walls” are obviously transition points from one state of energy to the next. Its approximate distance from center of plasma channel will be a function of various parameters such as overall pressure applied to liquid fuel and amount of RF discharge current applied to the system. Let it be understood that the entire volume of fuel e.g. water, is held under pressure. Hence, the gaseous zone is also in contact with the liquid zone and its pressure will be the same accordingly; therefore the pressure “pushing” against the actual plasma discharge will also be this same pressure.
Again, I disregard the temperature requirement for fusion of atomic nuclei which would provide the kinetic energy for the protons of hydrogen to surmount the coulomb barrier.Instead I rely on the magnetic pinching qualities of self-induced currents to overcome the coulomb barrier. My reasoning is as follows:
The velocity of a charged particle in a vacuum with an applied electrostatic field is generally derived from kinetic energy considerations
(Equation 3)
whereby m is the mass of the particle (proton or electron), v is the velocity of the particle, q is the value of the charged particle in coulombs, and V is the voltage applied, therefore to derive velocity
(Equation 4)
Hence, the velocity of a charged particle is a function of the voltage V applied to it. For example. If electrons are at a cathode region in which it has been heated to the point of being “boiled off”, and a subsequent voltage was applied between cathode and anode, an electron will be accelerated off the cathode toward the anode with a velocity component that is directly related to the equation just cited. This understanding has been used since the early days of electric control in devices such as cathode ray tubes. In regards to an electron, this equation is applicable until the kinetic energy of the rest mass of the electron is reached, 0.511mev, after this amount of energy imparted unto the electron, the relativistic mass equation must be used and accordingly different values of velocity, induced magnetic fields, and mass must be considered.
If now a charged particle has a velocity component v, it now has an intrinsic magnetic field of the value B as a function of velocity
, (equation 5) units in S.I. are Tesla for magnetic flux density
the term r^2 is the magnetic field envelope about the charged particle q and the unit vector r-hat is a point in space from point charge q in which the magnetic field may be calculated. One may simply understand that the magnetic density B is directly related to the charge q velocity in space. where k’=uo/4p or magnetic permeability
Reduced to(equation 6)
it is known that the force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is
(If not perpendicular)(Equation 7)
It is realized that the magnetic pinch effect is the result of charged particles traveling “side-by-side” next to each other.
It is known that since the magnetic field of each and every charged particle is
, (equation 6)
And the force upon a moving charge q caused an external magnetic field is
F=qv x B , (equation 7) ( x is the cross product)
If the external field B is the field of another charged particle traveling next to another charged particle, then the force between two charged particles via their induced magnetic fields is thus derived as
(Equation
This equation is almost identical to Coulombs law.
Thus, I shall equate equation 8 to Coulombs force equation
(Equation 9)
(Equation 10)
In this case since both q1 and q2 which may both represent two electrons adjacent to one another, or two protons, accelerated by the electrostatic potentials set forth by the electrodes stated earlier, then v1 and v2 will be the same velocity so then it becomes v^2(more specifically, v^2 is the vector cross product of the velocities between charges, its magnitude seems to represent the velocity squared). It is with these equations in which I develop an insight into equating the Coulomb barrier force with relativistic magnetic fields of the term. I believe with relativistic speeds a magnetic flux density of such magnitude in conjunction with fuel medium at optimum conditions a potential to overcome the Coulomb barrier exists.
The velocity equation no. 5 given forth earlier is entirely correct and subsequent values of velocities are found in a vacuum for charged particles such as in cathode ray tubes. However, since, current in this case is a plasma discharge thru a medium, a vast majority of collisions will occur as in a conductor and there will be an average “drift velocity” in the plasma as in solid conductors, though not the same. The point here is that this velocity equation is the highest attainable velocity for a charged particle if left to travel without hindrance in a vacuum.However, it is realized that “some fraction” of charged particles will attain these velocities within the plasma at some moment in time merely by chance and probability, thus some particles will reach this speed and attain a magnetic field value as a function of velocity. This point must be reiterated further, magnetic pinch devices such as z-pinch or poloidal currents in Tokamaks both use the magnetic pinch ideology, however, it is used to a point to magnetically hold the plasma as other modes of heat injection may occur as the proponents of these technologies fundamentally believe in the temperature requirement for barrier penetration. There is an obvious distinction between what is already employed in fusion devices today and what the NFG system is, and that is the strength of the electrostatic tension I want to introduce into said NFG system. I desire a far greater voltage which will impede a greater velocity upon charged particles; in particular, it is my intention to obtain relativistic speeds of charged particles. Whereby in doing so shall increase the strength of its magnetic field to such a point that fusion reactions may occur. Frequency effects of applied voltage upon velocity must be included and stated later. There is now a force of magnetism between particles which posses a velocity component. It is this very nature of a relativistic velocity-induced magnetic field in which I explore as the “additional” component, amongst others, as a method to overcome the Coulomb barrier. It is my direction to equate the magnetic pinch effect of relativistic charges to that of the Coulomb barrier
Therefore, it seems evident to me that by achieving relativistic speeds, the v^2 term, a magnetic force between charges exist which may cause the nuclei of an adjacent charge to attract one another.
It is known that the square root of the electric permittivity k divided by the magnetic permeability k’ is equal to the speed of light “c”
It is applying this ideology in a liquid state with the previously mentioned benefits of liquid control and use which makes this invention new as opposed to the prior art of fusion devices of magnetic pinch types or z pinches. Thus, this is not hot fusion in which I rely on temperature as a mode of nuclear combination; I call this “Electro-Magnetic Fusion”, as I seek fusion via a strong electric field which will in turn induce a strong magnetic field for pinching. My road traveled to this magnetic pinch effect was entirely derived in my search for questions regarding gravity. I would like to offer my personal views to demonstrate my line of thought which gives me my reasoning for this fusion attempt in this said method of operation, and in light of such a new approach for fusion with such a high magnitude of global demand, additional information which might seem relevant for this exact fusion device might prove helpful in an understanding of the approach taken. Therefore, the following are excerpts of a paper entitled “On the origin of relativity” in which I wrote in the late 90’s. It shows why I believe relativistic velocities can equate the Coulomb force law to magnetism, and therefore offer another method for fusion reactions at the nuclear level.
“On the origin of relativity”
My views are as follows with this question in mind. Electromagnetic Wave or Corpuscular Photons? It is known that the scientific data gathered via experiments and observation fall with equal weights under a perfect bell curve for a bootstrap wave described by Maxwellian equations or for the classically applied corpuscles “elastically” held to idealized blackbody vibrators. I believe in the latter.
I begin with the special theory of relativity to start the argument.
1. E = m* c2Energy of radiation has been equated to mass. The energy of radiation “given off” by the body of mass is equivalent to the mass loss of the body, conversely the energy, E, of radiation “absorbed” by the body is “converted” to mass of the body. These statements are fundamental to the whole subject of atomic physics. Thus, by Einstein, “The mass of a body is a measure of its energy content”.
2. M= Mo/((1-v2/c2)1/2) “The relativistic mass equation”. The relativistic mass M is a function of its rest mass, Mo, and its velocity in space.
3. The most fundamental equation for magnetism is B = (q*k’*v)/r2, whereby k’=uo/4p . uo is the magnetic permeability. The magnetic field, B, is a function of an entity q’s velocity thru space.
4. M=Mo when v=0: A very important realism is seen here and yet not fully appreciated. Mo is the rest mass. Though it is called “rest mass”,the “rest mass” is not at all at rest.It has an enormousvalue of energy “intrinsic” to it. Truly all states are relative. Relative to Earth we have zero velocity when sitting and accordingly some value when we move about. Relative to the surrounding space encompassing the Earth we travel at a large velocity without our slightest knowledge via the Earths spin on its axis of approximately 1,000 miles per hour. Relative to the sun, we travel at approx, 72,000 miles per hour. Our solar system has a spin about the galaxy of approx 600,000 miles/hour, our galaxy has a spin about its own galactic center, and our galactic cluster has a velocity around the central point origin of the universe. The overriding and most precedent of these “relative” velocities is the outward expansion of the universe dubbed the expanding universe and theorized as a result of a big bang explosion hurtling all mass outwards from “center”. This overriding and most precedent of velocities I shall name the Expansion Vector, for it surely has velocity and direction.
5. Mo=M’ /((1-v2/c2)1/2) Thus, the “rest mass” of now is the result of some primordial mass M’ prior to expansion velocity, for we cannot simply ignore it. It must be understood now that although many “relative velocities” are taken place, only the most precedent and largest of the velocity components is considered. All mass, including earth, is traveling through space at the expansion vector. All smaller velocities are relative and not important in this paper. For example, in the understanding of electricity, if 100 volts were impressed onto a conducting wire and made to perform work, the power is a function of volts times current as depicted by Ohms law. It is inconsequential if on that conducting wire “other voltages” of smaller value (rule of thumb in electrical power is less than ten times can be essentially ignored such as a 5 volt noise component or a 100 millivolt noise component of different frequency). The analogy being all smaller velocities relative to space are insignificant to the overwhelming velocity of the expansion velocity.
6. E = h*f, and m*c2= h*f, and then m = h*f /c2: Postulate one: The fundamental entity is the corpuscle, or quanta in which I shall refer to hereafter, is when f=1, m=7.37* 10-51 kg. Thus, a proton contains 2.27* 1023 quanta (mass of proton / mass of quanta). An electron, or cloud, or orbital, contains 1.24* 1020 quanta (mass of electron / mass of quanta) I use f=1 for it must be the fundamental quanta, any multiple of f such as f=1014 or visible light is implying the atom oscillate at 1014 and at each oscillation quanta is broken from its “layers”.
7. These “layers” are in fact related to (though not exactly) the circular orbit layers, “n”, which are neglected in Bohr’s theory as a physical reality but critical for another purpose, and also the radius values in quantum mechanics are closely tied to these “layers”, more appropriately via mass-spring systems. Bohr noted himself that it was just as applicable to note circular “stationary” orbits of layers were possible.
8. Postulate Two: Each individual quanta has an intrinsic magnetic field about it via the expansion vector. Magnetism by definition is the velocity of q in space. A fundamental understanding must be appreciated here in that any q with a velocity to space will have a magnetic field with respect to space. This magnetic field is a deformation of space. To describe a magnetic field it must encompass equally its effect on the surrounding space (r2 about entity q). All intrinsic spin as spoken about in regards to electrons and such is the magnetic field and is inherent via all entities traveling thru space at a very large velocity. This field is a function of some fundamental “primordial entity” q, with a velocity in space. Space will be distorted about q as a function of Uo, a natural “resistance” of space itself. This is magnetism
9. A characteristic of magnetism is the resulting field of flux surrounding the charged entity. By convention, a negatively charged entity traveling in one particular direction will have a determined orientation of its flux lines. The intensity and orientation of the flux lines are relative to the speed and direction of the charged entity. The opposite orientation of flux lines is exhibited with a positive entity with same physical parameters of speed and direction; only the orientation of flux lines has changed (for example a clockwise direction around the electron in a direction along an axis, whereas a counterclockwise direction around a proton traveling in the same direction). This realization is best described with the “field concept” as developed by Michael Faraday.
Also, and of the most significant consequences, entities of same charge and direction will attract one another (magnetic pinch effect), repel if opposite charge with same direction! This is a critical statement in respect to static charges whereby a static positive and negative charge attract each other and like charges repel each other.
10. Postulate Three:: Rest mass Mo is equal to the entity quanta, q, traveling thru space with the expansion velocity as a function of magnetic permeability Uo of space. Thus, mass is a function of the expansion energy. “q” is quanta in its “electric charge” sense, v is the expansion velocity, Uo is magnetic permeability. R2 is the distortion of space about an idealized entity q.
·To expand this concept
·If the primordial charge, q, which in units of Coulombs, has been given energy via the Expansion of the universe as a function of the magnetic permeability Uo
·Then it followes the general form of the magnetic pinch equation of F= (k’*q*q’*v2)/r2, where k’=uo/4p
·In which in our relative state it has now become force of attraction between charges as in law Coulombs law: F = (k*q*q’)/r2, where k=1/(4peo)
·Which forms the fundamental particle the proton with a unit charge of , which is now equated to the mass of the proton of
·Where the K constant for Coulomb is in units of
·The gravational constant G is in units , whereby the force of attraction between mass is
·It shows that the primordial charge q has become mass in Kg
·The neutron which is exactly the same as the proton in construction but differs in mass by 2-1/2 masses of electrons which must elimanate the protons charge effect
11. Postulate Four: The velocity of the expansion vector is the speed of light. When this is true uo, magnetic permeability, becomes eo, the electric permittivity. Or at least some factor of the speed of light which depicts itself in our state of reference as the speed of light.
For example, If the universe is expanding at the velocity of light, then the magnetic force between two primordial charges q traveling side by side thru space is equivalent to and is the “magnetic pinch effect”, -(This is the most fundamental postulate and physical process occurring in this paper) is given generally by:
F= (k’*q*q’*v2)/r2, where k’=uo/4p
(k’ is a measure of the force between charges q)
Coulombs law is: F = (k*q*q’)/r2, where k=1/(4peo)
(k is a measure of the force between charges q)
When the expansion of the universe is equal to that of light , v2= k/k’=c2=1/(uo*eo)
(k’*q*q’*v2)/r2 = (k*q*q’)/r2
Thus, the only fundamental facet of space is uo, or magnetic permeability. When quanta travel at v=c, then the force between quanta becomes eo or Coulombs law. The Earth, and the universe, is at a velocity of c thru space, uo becomes eo in our “relative state”. The electric permittivity eo is the “relative state” of uo traveling at the expansion velocity. In many standard books in physics, The relation of the speed of light to the quantities permittivity and permeability are usually cited, but never a physical reason as to why. I offer this as a possibility to this equation. “are we bound together because of our velocity thru space-amazing if so!”
12. Conclusions: There is only one fundamental entity in our local universe called quanta, also loosely called corpuscles, photons, or “strings”. Its mass is m=7.37* 10-51 kg. It has an intrinsic magnetic field about it via the expansion of the universe and uo. In our relative “stationary” state, the attraction between quanta is eo or coulombs law. They are fundamental magnetic components. It was mentioned that in respect to static charges whereby a static positive and negative charge attract each other and like charges repel each other. The proton is an accumulation of quanta; the magnetic components bind together to a fundamental density in the shape of a sphere. There are two very real possible proton formations possible. One: Magnetic polarities of each quanta in an arrangement to make a “magnetic monopole”. For example, all magnets have north and south, this is merely a relative statement for the idealized point charge/entity. For example, if they bind together in such a way as if all “south or north poles” of each quanta face outwards then the surface of the spherical proton will depict either all north or south, somewhat like an idealized monopole. Thus protons would not bind to each other, they are repelled (like charges repel), also they still have their south or north monopole field about them, thus all free quanta will still be attracted to the proton like “a sphere of uniform positive electrification”, as J.J. Thomson once said. It will accumulate onto the proton until the proton field is cancelled, “an electron layers worth”. Second Proton formation possibility is dipolar in aggregate which lends itself to an overall intrinsic magnetic dipole nature. Thus electron quanta layering will also be dipolar.
13 A question arises as to why is the mass of the proton much greater than the mass of the electron layer with same charge values. It is speculated that with the initial quanta formation into a sphere, the proton, it’s “Guassian” field value ends up this way. To cancel or neutralize this field only requires so much quanta, an electron layers worth?
14 The nuclear force, which binds the nucleus, is a function of the neutral particle the neutron as there is no such thing as a diproton. Of course the neutron itself is an aggregation of quanta only. Whether it is a collapsed hydrogen atom with additional quanta(about 2-1/2 times an electrons worth), or disorganized arrangement of quanta for overall charge of zero, and magnetic moment. Nevertheless, the neutron is some kind of interface between the protons.
15. The atom is an aggregation of one entity, quanta. Each quanta has an intrinsic magnetic field and is binding to the atom like a crystal lattice with vibrational modes via Planck’s blackbody idealization and subsequently quantum mechanics. To break the bonds of the “layers” of the atom via n*h*f, one must match the energy which binds it to the atom. Its quantization as depicted by Planck and Einstein as being absorbed and emitted in discrete packets are the result of the fact that electron shells are the quantization of quanta shells which bind together as magnets do in discrete fundamental sizes as only so much can possibly “fit together” in discrete shells.
16. To achieve Radiation form of quanta, the energy of all rest mass or rest quanta is via the expansion velocity, its energy resides in the intrinsic magnetic field per quanta and now binding to other quanta in an atom. To break the bond, energy is needed to match the binding energy. The quanta will be broken off like a bound spring under tension. It will release isotropically from the atom in layers of n*h*f with a speed of c because this was the energy given in the beginning, and something fundamental to space itself as a limiting speed as a function of magnetic permeability. The process will continue via quantum mechanics until the plasma state or ionization state of a layer of quanta “electron” is removed, these are the electronic states, and continue linearly through ionization as n*h*f radiation still occurs as more energy is released, however now at x-ray to gamma ray wavelengths, where each period of the “wavelength” is an amount of quanta layers. A quote by Samuel Glasstone from his book “Sourcebook on Atomic Energy”, “It may perhaps be permissible to consider radiation as consisting of photons whose statistical distribution is represented by an equation of the form applicable to the propagation of waves”.
17. There is no “rigid point particle” alone in space with rigid boundaries, about the entity q is the magnetic field. Its boundary walls are magnetic described by r2“, thus a “springiness” to it. It’s appearance is that of a “bubble”, or more precisely a “magnetic bubble”. The quanta, q, has a velocity thru space via expansion vector, thus an intrinsic magnetic field about it, B=(q*k’*v)/r2. the r2 is the distortion of space about q. It is the magnetic field. The de Broglie equation of l=h/mv is realized as lambda, the wavelength, is r2 magnetic field about q. Thus, de Broglie equation is depicting the special theory of relativity whereby an increase in velocity of the mass will correspond to wavelength variations as in B = (q*k’*v)/r2. An increase in velocity will change the magnetic field about q. Einstein’s special theory of relativity of mass increase from v=0 up to v=c is an energy increase via velocity thru space and exhibited in a stronger magnetic field about fundamental q as exhibited by B= (q*k’*v)/r2 per quanta. Thus, the theory of relativity is a statement about relative velocities with respect to space, its physical significance is now understood in the realm of magnetism which in itself is a function of velocity in space.
18. A statement by Einstein,”Thence we conclude that a balance clock at the equator must go more slowly, by a very small amount, than a similar clock situated at one of the poles under otherwise identical conditions”. This is realized as the increase in energy/mass as a result of velocity increase is by the stronger attraction via the quanta within the atoms. Again the magnetic pinch effect is given by:
F= (k’*q*q’*v^2)/r2, where k’=uo/4p. The relativistic mass increase above the rest mass is realized as a stronger magnetic field within the atom themselves as a function of velocity thru space. Thence we conclude atomic processes are affected.
19. The relativistic mass equation M= Mo/((1-v2/c2)1/2) is relative to our stationary state of the expansion velocity. The relativistic mass equation relative to “absolute space” must then be M=Mo/((1-(v2+c)/2c2))1/2). The limit of velocity of free quanta is the speed of light relative to our stationary state. Relative to “absolute space” or the expansion vector, it is twice the speed of light.
20. There is no “positive” or “negative” charged entities in space. There is only one entity q with an intrinsic magnetic field as a function of its velocity thru space. In our stationary state of “now” which is at a constant speed of the value of light, they bind together as generally discussed in 12,13 above to give “relative values” of north and south about itself and consequently via coulombs law as positive and negative as Benjamin Franklin has named. Thus, we may say that the proton is a concentration of a “south field”(south or north is arbitrary, however, maybe in time there will be a proper nomenclature of south and north). An electron layers worth of quanta is attracted to the proton. An electron layers worth of quanta may be ionized from the proton, and as magnets would still bind together in “free space” as in cathode ray tubes and behave as individual particles (photoelectric effect).
21. Gravity: In the aggregation of magnetic quanta into atoms themselves, the overall balance that results is the attraction of gravity itself. Gravity is the resultant composite field of the atom. General relativity is the description of the curvature and distortion of space itself by mass. Quanta are the fundamental entity in the universe. It has an intrinsic magnetic field about. The magnetic field itself distorts and curves space. The whole atom is the composite field of balanced magnetic quanta. Thus, G, the gravitational coupling between matter is the composite of uo and eo in the overall binding of the complete atoms. A question arises; does the “residual” effect of the Expansion Vector show itself in the ionized core of the Earth as the magnetic field? The orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field is the vector of the Expansion vector, however, the spin of the Earth might “skew” the effects of actual direction.
22. Inertia: Lenz’s law describes the “resistance of space itself” via uo as a function of a change in velocity, only during accelerations as in all ac circuitry does it occur. Inertial mass is analogously the same during accelerations. Magnetic permeability uo is applicable for individual quanta, free charges as electrons and protons during acceleration. It is the relativistic mass of the moving body M= Mo/((1-v2/c2)1/2), and conversely B = (q*k’*v)/r2. As with gravity, inertial mass is the composite of uo and eo of an atom during acceleration with respect to space. Inertial mass will behave analogously like ac circuitry of idealized point charges with acceleration.
23. About the entity q is the magnetic field described by r2. This field is permanent via the expansion vector. The magnetic field is created as a result of entity q’s movement thru space and space’s natural resistance uo. This is intrinsic spin.
To continue with NFG system. In reference to fig. 4 The Plasma Channel: Technically a plasma by definition is the forth state of matter and only the very center region is the “plasma zone” itself. However, I would like to encompass the name Plasma Channel to the entire region surrounding the plasma zone and the actual plasma zone itself.My reasoning for including this entire area is as follows; during plasma conduction current between electrodes, it will be evident that the plasma will have a resultant magnetic field as a result of several factors such as; established plasma current itself via conduction established by electrodes, counter magnetic fields by surrounding non plasma portion of plasma channel, hence, the field extension and coupling of energies will extend into this entire region in contact with the plasma zone itself. The gaseous and liquid zones surrounding the plasma zone will have an effect on the “resultant’ magnetic fields along with many other physical properties of temperature, pressure, electromagnetic energy interchange via plasma zone and surroundings. Thus, the entire plasma channel must be viewed as a system that is dependent upon each other and cannot be separated into a discrete zone without consideration of the zones next to each other. It might also be realized that some forms of energy directly from the plasma zone will without hindrance travel right thru the gaseous zone unimpeded without any energy transfer and continue into the liquid zone. This can also extend even further in regards to some forms of energy in the gamma wavelengths which might even extend without much impedance right thru the liquid zone itself. As I stated earlier in regards to the size of the vessel to be large enough to essentially ignore the walls of the vessel to have any recoil or absorption of energy from the plasma zone. It is this inventions desire to have all energy via plasma discharge to be absorbed by surrounding fuel/water medium for complete heat transfer efficiencies. However, it is realized some forms of energies such as gamma and neutrinos might pass right thru the vessel. Hence, sufficient distancebetween vessel walls and plasma discharge are desired. Also, vessel walls are also constructed in such a manner to limit the amount of high energy electromagnetic energy dissipated via plasma discharge. All of these considerations have already been employed in fission vessel reactors. Thus, there is no modification required for vessel material and construction in said NFG system. It shall employ a design consistent with that of pressurized water reactors-PWR.
Let us now examine the mode of nuclear combination which is to occur in this plasma discharge. It was the scientist K.T. Bainbridge of the United states who in 1933was the first to verify the mass-energy equation of Einstein’s E=mc^2 in the reaction of hydrogen proton bombardment unto lithium with the products becoming helium
Li(7) + H(1)Þ He(4) + He(4). Since this verification has taken place, numerous nuclear transformations have been studied in detail and there can be no question as to the validity of the Einstein equation or of the reality of nuclear transformations.
Besides the fusion of the so called “simplest” elements of hydrogen and its isotopes, there is a more fundamental step in which I believe is being ignored and could possibly be the exact very process occurring in “Cold Fusion” or CF experiments which give anomalous effects of positive net energy generation. Though CF is not accepted by the vast majority of plasma scientists. It has a question mark as to its possibilities as does superconductivity possibilities at room temperature. Nevertheless, I believe this said process I am putting forward at its lowest energy considerations just might be the actual cause ofCold Fusion occurring in an electrolytic fashion. I believe the most fundamental particle combination for nuclear combination is that of a proton and an electron itself. It is known that the beta decay of a free neutron is approximately 20 minutes. Thus , there is no such thing as a free neutron as there is a free proton. And a free neutron is in fact the simplest radioactive species. If a free neutron has transpired via artificial or natural means such as radioactivity, it is known that the decay of a neutron will produce a proton and a electron and approximately 0.782 mev of energy in an exothermic reaction. This energy is divided between the ejected electron and a neutrino. 0.782mev is also 1-1/2 times the electron rest mass, also, since one electron was also produced, it is understood that the neutron seems to be at least 2-1/2 times an electron mass greater than a proton. Under these considerations it is my belief that it is possible to fuse electrons upon a proton and create a neutron. The minimum energy anticipated is 0.782mev. Once a neutron is created it is quickly “absorbed” by another free proton into a stable element call a deuteron. This neutron capture process is well known and described as a Radiative capture type.
( H + n ÞD +gwhere g is a gamma ray photon of 2.2.mev)
This reaction is exothermic with approximately 2.2mev emitted as a gamma ray photon. Hence the surplus of energy derived 2.2mev minus 0.782mevequals 1.141mev.
It might seem apparent that the gamma ray photon emitted is somewhat useless because of its extremely high penetrating power and as such would be ineffective at transferring its energy into a thermal range for extraction by said NFG system.However, I believe because this system is entirely filled with a liquid hydrogenous solution the rate of absorption via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and Bremstrahlung that most of the gamma photon will be absorbed.
Let us now look closer at the actual plasma state created in said system. It should be realized by now that what is being presented is simply an opposing electrode assembly in which a large electrostatic potential will be applied to each electrode and cause a dielectric breakdown in liquid water to occur. The characteristics of the plasma formed are an impedance load as opposed to being purely resistive. Thus, it is clear that with an alternating current being used a resonant frequency be employed to properly match plasma state. Also this system is again based upon the sole focus of magnetic energy, using a higher frequency not only depicts itself as higher energy in Planck’s equation of E=hf, but a high frequency will also increase the magnetic component per oscillation of electric pulse. This is realized as the fact that as the frequency is increased, the wavelength decreases, the entire envelope of energy is in a smaller dimension. Light photons are smaller that microwave photons. X-rays even smaller. It seems that with higher frequencies, the actual envelope of energy is within a smaller package. This is somewhat related to the fact that a magnetic field is created as a function of velocity as shown earlier as
B=k*q*v, if the rate of change of alternations is greater, then the velocity must be greater as known from simple understanding of sinusoidal waves. For a wave to oscillate quicker, its rise and fall times must be steeper, hence, velocity is greater. This is also deduced from Faradays law also in regards to rate of change in current or magnetic flux. However, I would like to point out that this is also a statement in relativistic mechanics. The theory of relativity describes the change in mass, which is energy, of a body with velocity increase as depicted by the
“relativistic mass equation” M= Mo/((1-v2/c2)1/2).
Conversely the debroglie equation shows a wavelength character for mass with velocity.
l=h/mv , deBroglie wavelength
The masses in our case are electrons and protons subjected to large voltages and made to move with a velocity. It is these velocity factors which are impinged upon the particles in said plasma at such a proper range of frequency that a packet of magnetic energy of sufficient flux density and “quantum size” will be generated as to create the favorable environment for fusion of said nuclear material.
Now that we have deduced our reasoning for the use of alternating current of high frequency, the question as what to what resonant frequency would be “most efficient”. Immediately the 21cmor 1.420 GHz comes to mind which is related to both spins of the 1s electron and the proton in hydrogen, however, the frequency might be dependent upon many physical parameters such as fuel type, pressure, electrode spacing, etc In regards to the power source which will drive the high voltage and high frequency to said electrodes, it was noted that the preference for a Tesla coil is desired for personal reasons by the author as I share a great respect for Dr. Tesla and his strong interests to provide unlimited energy for all humanity. It is for this sole reason alone in that it would be sweet justice to have the marriage between a Tesla coil and my NFG system to fulfill our similar interests in providing energy to everyone efficiently and affordable. A quote by Tesla “Of the various branches of electrical investigation, perhaps the most interesting and immediately the most promising is that dealing with alternating currents. The progress in this branch of applied science has been so great in recent years that it justifies the most sanguine hopes. Hardly have we become familiar with one fact, when novel experiences are met with and new avenues of research are opened. Even at this hour possibilities not dreamed of before are, by the use of these currents, partly realized. As In nature all is ebb and tide, all is wave motion, so it seems that in all branches of industry alternating currents—electric wave motion—will have the sway”. However, it should be clear that any form of power source which may produce said optimum electrical parameters of high voltage and high frequency will be suitable. Let me continue the description of NFG system with the Tesla coil in mind. The Tesla coil is a system that has the ability to resonant an alternating current between its inductive and capacitive coils. In doing so it has the distinctive behavior of being able to produce very large voltages in the range of millions with high frequencies usually in the kHz range. To change the resonant frequency of the Tesla coil, parameters of inductance and capacitance of the coil itself are changed to produce a somewhat fixed output in frequency. As was noted earlier that there exists the possibility of “frequency drift” in plasma state of said system by various parameters as pressure, temperature and magnetic fields, The Tesla coil (or appropriate power source) should have the ability to be adjustable being some kind of “phase lock loop” feedback signal. A feedback system has the ability to monitor output conditions (plasma channel in this case) and vary the input signal accordingly for proper power matching conditions between input and output.
In regards to the plasma zone itself. This area is made up of free particles of hydrogen and oxygen as the free positive ions, and free negative electrons in presently described system with only pure water as the fuel.It was stated earlier that the velocity of a charged particle in an electric field is equal to
(equation 4)
also, the force of the magnetic pinch effect was derived as
(equation(equation 9)
Thus by equating the magnetic pinch equation to that of Coulombs law, I deduce thatrelativistic speeds of charged particles must occur for magnetic pinching and fusion, specifically a value equal to the speed of light in magnitude has a significant meaning. Therefore, as a starting point I use the speed of light as a magnitude for the required velocity required by the charged particle, I can obtain a voltage requirement used for its velocity from equation(5)
velocity of charged particle = (equation 4)
Voltage =
Theoretical voltage required for electron to approach speed of light = ((v^2 * mass) / (2*q)) or ((9×10^16m/s)*(9.11^-31kg)/(2*1.6^-19coulombs))= 256Kilovolts
A voltage of 256kv is initially thought to be used to accelerate an electron to the speed of light in a vacuum. However, since the early days of cathode rays tubes and beta ray studies, a phenomenon of e/m (the ratio of electron charge to its mass) was variable with increasing speeds. It was H.A. Lorentz who derived an expressionwhich was earlier proposed by G.F. Fitzgerald in trying to resolve the stationary ether paradox of the Michelson Morley experiment. In further studies by Einstein using the principles of H.A. Lorentz concluded that any particle will behave according to the relativistic mass equation whereby, M= Mo/((1-v2/c2)1/2). Hence, the mass of the electron will not reach the speed of light in our “relative state”, however, its mass will be greater as we try to increase speed. Thus the voltage requirement of 256kv will not suffice and a much larger voltage will be required for relativistic speeds. Approaching the speed of light the mass of the electron can reach many times its original mass. By studying the relative mass equation a close approximation to near relativistic speeds, it is deduced that a value of 10 (ten) times the original rest mass of the electron (or any particle) may be used as a good approximation. Therefore,10 (ten) times the rest mass is used and accordingly the voltage will increase by ten times as a requirement for reaching the relativistic speeds. This will make our original voltage requirement of 256kv become 2.56million volts as the necessary voltage for velocity attainment of electrons.
This voltage is impressed upon the entire plasma current. The arc length between electrodes will be a function of reactor size, thus, to provide the amount of energy for charged particles distributed about the plasma arc a greater voltage is used across electrodes themselves and accordingly the proper amount of voltage is distributed across plasma arc length to initiate fusion conditions. Let us merely state one hundred times calculated voltage is required at this point between electrodes with a reactor size conducive for electrode spacing at one meter apart. Thus, 256 million volts has become 256 million volts with a plasma arc length of one meter being employed. Since an extremely high voltage is required for said relativistic speeds, the need for a high frequency is required to establish this high voltage. It was noted earlier that the frequency of this impedance load must be made to resonant with applied voltage input source. This should be realized as with all alternating systems and impedance loads. Thus, it should be clear that it is imperative to first establish a very high voltage for plasma conduction at relativistic speeds of some particles in plasma zone, and concurrently apply a high enough frequency for several reasons as already stated. The transition from a low frequency current to that of a higher frequency has some peculiar effects such as skin effect. Skin effect has the characteristic property of forcing the current onto the surface of the conducting wire. These effects are related via the magnetic component of alternating current. The well-known equation for skin depth is given below. Note that skin depth
() is a function of only three variables, frequency (f ), resistivity (), and relative permeability (R).
The important point to see here is that the magnetic permeability has a direct bearing on skin effect as a function of frequency. It has been stated that the magnetic field is a function of a charged particles velocity in space as in equation five
, (equation 5) units in S.I. are Tesla for magnetic flux density
If alternating current is used and applied to electrons in a conducting wire, or a plasma current, the charged particles will be subjected to an oscillating electric field and hence with a greater oscillation, the velocity effects must be greater, and thereby the magnetic fields will alter.
In furthering this action of higher frequencies and high voltages the reader is asked to keep in mind the output plasma arc of a Tesla coil. The rf current from coil outputs see’s its path to ground as one of impedance. The high voltage establishes the dielectric breakdown associated in air when such Tesla coil is operated.There cannot be one without the other. The high voltage must be established for plasma conduction and a high frequency is required for additional magnetic qualities. The transition from low frequency effects to that of high frequency is subtle in the very least. When we operate a dipole antennae with an appropriate oscillating current, we think in terms of quarter wavelengths and utilize proper matching techniques to impedance match the incoming signal and “launch the wave” onto some kind of conducting wire acting as an antenna with dimensions associated with wavelength. When we say for example we have a 100mhz signal, we say the electric peak to peak signal is 3 meters, where wavelength is in a vacuum, do we think how wide the width of the magnetic effects are.To continue these thoughts, we think of a magnetron and its standard 2.45ghz frequency output. It has an electric peak to peak wavelength of 12 cm. Does the magnetic field also coincide to this value in width as it represents the perpendicular value to the electric field. Is this “wave” symmetrical as it is launched from the cavity in regards to a packet of energy with not only a peak to peak electric wavelength, but also a perpendicular dimension as a higher frequency is attained. To continue this thought, EM waves of light frequency magnitudes which are in the nanometers are used in optical microscopes for resolution and determine resolutions based upon wavelength considerations. We can differentiate between molecular dimensions in optical dimensions because we rely on the fact of the so called peak to peak wavelength resolution which we must agree has dimensions that are directly related to not only peak to peak for the electric magnitude, but also the magnetic. Though it is known there does lie the relationship between the electric field and the magnetic field of electromagnetic waves in free space as in Maxwell equations, I am referring to “magnetic peak to peak” dimension as it coincides with its counterpart the “electric peak to peak” wavelength. For in this plasma arc being formed in said NFG system, we are not launching a wave at the input frequency, we are oscillatingcharges at this frequency, and in doing so, peculiar effects of magnetism are associated with it. I believe the magnetic field component which is always relative to the electric field component as in Maxwell’s laws as we progress into higher frequencies the adjoining peak magnetic components began to attract to one another much more tightly. The higher the frequency, the closer are the peaks to one another. It is the magnetic components being squeezed together by the action of the higher frequencies which makes the resultant packet of energy hold together much more than at low frequencies. For example, the magnetron output in a standard microwave oven has a wavelength of 12 cm, which may also be divided into two packets of energy of opposite electric and magnetic field values. Each packet size must be approximately 6cm. This packet of energy can bounce off the interior walls of the oven and will not penetrate the glass door. This glass door has a mesh screen with holes that should be much less than ¼ wavelength and accordingly it is. The packet of energy does not escape. However, in studying the duality nature of electromagnetic waves, some experiments such as by Thomas Young as early as 1800 have given more credit to waves as opposed to corpuscles because of the effect of a wave front on a surface with some of the wave passing thru an aperture or slit in it and the resulting patterns of interference formed. Of course the slits in those experiments are far greater than the wavelength of light being in nanometers. I specifically am referring to the fact that slits or holes in mesh screens smaller than ¼ wavelength of a particular wave front do not allow any appreciable amount of the “wave front” to escape. As the frequency gets higher, the packet of energy is held together tighter. I referred to this earlier as with an increase in alternating current, the angular velocity must increase accordingly, hence, magnetic effects are increased. It seems that a ‘quantum” of energy is increasingly held together as the frequency of oscillation is raised. The quantified 6cm packet of energy hits the mesh screen and does not let any part of its “quanta-photons” escape as it is held tightly together. To illustrate another step further in velocity considerations, for an increase in resolution in microscopes beyond the light regions, we advance into the scanning electron microscopes whereby the electron has a “wavelike” behavior via the deBroglie equation as a direct function of its velocity in space
l=h/mv , deBroglie wavelength (equation 9 )
A high voltage is used to obtain large speeds attained by the electron, a wavelike picture of its dimensions should be estimated via the deBroglie equation of l=h/mv whereby lambda l or wavelength is a function of the Planck constant divided by the product of momentum mv. Thus it should be clear there is another dimension of “magneticwavelengths” which must be taken into consideration when in said method of relativistic speeds is required for magnetic pinch qualities. With the values established for relativistic mass of the electron (10 times original electron mass times velocity of light) we can somewhat come close to a value of lambda. It is conceded, that the actual values of mass and velocity are not exactly that given, but should be a close approximation when applied voltages in the range of several billion are used. Hence, a value of 2.4^-13meters for a deBroglie wavelength of an electron is found. This is close to nuclear dimensions of the proton. Thus a physical picture of the electron should now be established. An electron given relativistic speeds in said NFG system will acquire a stronger magnetic field about itself and its dimensions begin to shrink because of the strength of its magnetic field compressing it. This ideology is also understood in cross section neutron studies whereby the energetic neutrons with varying velocities posses different wave particle duality conditions of wavelengths and entire encyclopedias have been derived for cross sections studies of neutrons and target elements. Hence, the electron in our case has been reduced in size via description of its magnetic field in a way which can have a direct relationship in reacting with nuclei as in neutron cross section studies.
Therefore, we have established in the plasma zone an amount of relativistic electrons having cross sectional dimensions on the order of nuclear sizes in which interaction between said electron and proton can fuse via magnetic attraction. It was stated that the radioactive free neutron will spontaneously emit an electron and 0.782mev of energy. Conversely, if an element has too many protons relative to neutrons, the nucleus will create an inverse beta decay or k-capture or also called orbital electron capture. Thus, it is evident that this proton electron combination process seems plausible.Therefore, in analyzing our plasma zone, in a “snapshot instant in time” when the magnetic energy for pinching is highest within the plasma zone is a relativistic electron traveling in a direction towards the positive polarity of positive electrode. This electron will have a magnetic field created by its velocity and its orientation in regards to north and south may be established via known methods of field conventions. Conversely, at the very moment this “snapshot instant in time” is taken, positive ions of H, D, T, and oxygen will move in opposite direction of electrons toward negative potential of electrode. Its associated magnetic field strength is different than the electron because of its mass being much greater than the electron and subsequently with a given voltage applied, will be forced to move with a velocity less than the electron by way of equation 4. Mass for proton is much greater. Also if the mass is a deuteron, the velocity will be even less as a neutron is attached and the appropriate mass is doubled in equation 4.
Velocity of charged particle = (equation 4)
However, more importantly, its magnetic field by convention is opposite than the electron. Though the orientation of the magnetic field lines of the positive ions are opposite to that of the negative electron, because its direction is opposite to that of the electron, the fields will be the same. Thus, the magnetic pinch effect not only is attractive to all negative electron current in one direction, but also is attractive to positive ions traversing in opposite direction within plasma zone. Thus, the magnetic pinch effect is additive to entire charged particles within plasma zone as shown in figure 5. This of course is true in any plasma current pinch device.
Therefore, in this instant in time of the snapshot, there lies the probability of a proton being surrounded by the requisite number of electrons needed for neutron formation. I have repeated the need for relativistic charged particlesto acquire a velocity component which depicts itself as the required magnetic field needed for fusion pinch, to state it another way, the velocity component is a direct result of the voltage component impressed upon the charged particles. I have referred to the fact that at least 750kiloelectronvolts of energy is required in the vicinity of charged particles for a “reverse beta decay” and subsequent neutron formation to occur. When I stated values of several billion volts impressed upon the plasma current, I am trying to convey the fact that this distribution of energy must be allocated in the strength of the electric field amongst charged particles. Hence, once a free neutron is created in a hydrogenous solution such as water it will immediately be absorbed as hydrogen’s thermal neutron cross section is extremely large in comparison to D,T,and Oxygen. Thus a deuteron is formed. I shall refer to this mode of deuteron formation via initial neutron formation “case No.1”.
Case no.1 = (H + n ÞD +gwhere g is a gamma ray photon of 2.2.mev)
It is conceded that with initial neutron formation, its velocity is not guaranteed to be thermalized; however, it should be evident that amongst the material elements being employed in said NFG system, the absorption by hydrogen is far greater than any other element. The following table is a comparison of some elements FROM “SLOWING DOWN OF 1-MEV NEUTRONS” TAKEN FROM SECTION 11.40 FROM “SOURCEBOOK ON ATOMIC ENERGY” BY Samuel Glasstone, 2nd edition
ELEMENT
H
D
O
MASS NUMBER
1
2
16
FRACTIONAL ENERGY LOSS PER COLLISION
0.63
0.52
0.11
COLLISIONS FOR THERMALIZATION
18
25
150
CAPTURE CROSS SECTION (BARNS)
0.33
0.00046
0.0002
This case no.1 represents the lowest level of a fusion reaction. This case no. 1 is also an understanding into “cold fusion” reactions, whereby an electrical current in a hydrogenous solution can provide a magnetic environment such as shown in figure 5 and create the necessary conditions for a fusion reaction. Cold fusion reactions are not accepted as there has not been definitive proof of excess energy, by understanding the present modes of magnetic excitation, it should be understood that cold fusion cells employed are at the lowest energy realm possible for fusion. The intermittent positive values detected are via quantum tunneling and probability analysis with modes of excitation and fusion combination as I have stated and not at all via theories explained by cold fusion proponents such as a function of electrode material by catalytic actions. The need for a higher voltage and higher frequency must be employed for optimum conditions. Nuclear reactions as with any chemical reactions are somewhat identical in the fact that for the most efficient transfer of input energy into the system for reaction to occur multiple parameters must be optimized. Reactions are similar to a bell curve in that the peak of such a reaction curve represents the proper conditions of all parameters. In this case, voltage, frequency, pressure, electrode spacing, etc are all important. However, some reactions will still occur on the very leading point of the efficiency curve, this is where cold fusion is occurring.
Refer to figure 6. On considering the next higher level of a fusion reaction in such NFG system, we again analyze the same snapshot in time. It should be realized that there also lies the probability that at the very instant of this “snapshot in time”, when the magnetic energy is most effective for pinching, that there can exist two adjacent protons with a proper amount of electrons in its vicinity to cause a direct deuteron formation. However, the electrons in this case only facilitate the pushing of one proton onto another via its magnetic energy in a direct hydrogen-hydrogen fusion reaction.
Case no. 2 = (H + H ÞD + eplus + energy, note, the eplus is a positron)
The following represent levels of fusion reactions which may exist in every opportunity of a “snapshot in time”. Whether the reaction is by direct combination of electrons and protons as described by case no. 1 or by the electrons causing nuclei to fuse as noted in case 2. Fusion caused by the relativistic magnetic field of the electrons aiding in pinching the overall field between electron and protons when all entities are in proper positions, or by the momentum of the relativistic electrons causing a direct collision with a proton and slightly changing the protons course into another adjacent proton for fusion into deuteron.It should become clear that there exits many modes of fusion of elements under this method of excitement.
Case no. 3 = (H + D Þ He3 + energy)
Case no. Z = (element x + element y Þ element xy + energy) Equation no.13
whereby element xy is a new element caused by the fusion of elements x and y to yield a new element xy which is less than the total binding energy of the strongest element that being of nickel-62 and or iron-58/56. Thus, case no. Z represents the fusion of any material for useful nuclear fusion energy production, as long as the product element xy is an element less than that of nickel and or iron. Reference to the packing fraction by F.W. Aston and subsequent binding energy curves suggest fusion possibilities of the general equation no.13 as shown in case. No. Z.
However, it is known that fusion of the lightest elements, particularly hydrogen and its isotopes, seems most plausible and likely to occur in man made fusion devices to date because of its single bound positive charge proton.In this NFG system, it may be attainable to attempt equation13 by the deployment of concentrations of any element x and y in the medium of water thereby introducing in that “snapshot instant in time” analysis a probability of element x and element y to be in the right place at the right time for fusion to occur.
It has been portrayed that to attain fusion by said NFG system, the requirements of a high voltage are needed in conjunction with a high frequency. The imparted velocities of some charged particles will reach relativistic speeds, and in doing so attain a greater magnetic field, conversely, with a high frequency being employed for not only resonant matching techniques, but also in regards to velocity inducement as it was mentioned earlier with the fact that a higher frequency induces a magnetic quality to the oscillation necessary in this mode of application. This relates to skin effect, whereby it is known that a high frequency current will not penetrate a conducting surface appreciable. The plasma current is also a conductor; however, the skin depths desired with such NFG system are only several atoms thick. Thus, this high voltage high frequency current will have its actions about the plasma in such a way as to directly interact at the atomic level much more directly than with a low frequency current. By use of the terms high and low frequency of power line usage, one must ask what is high or low, this are relative statements. However, it should be realized that high frequency in this system is comparable to those which excite nuclear energies. It was already stated of the possible resonant frequency of the 21cm line. However, it is realized as mentioned before, multiple parameters are included and one of which may also be electrode spacing in which shall be discussed now.
In the following discussion of electrodes, the reader is asked to keep in mind the discharge of a tesla coil. The output of such a device is variable dependent upon construction techniques and proper matching of simple resonant components such as inductor and capacitor to form a resonant oscillating system. In regards to what has been discussed so far, the reader is asked to accept a tesla coil having been built with the following output characteristics; a voltage to ground of 256 million, and a frequency of 1.420 GHz or 21cm.Call this Tesla coil “TC1”. The entire TC1 construction is immaterial at this point, the only requirement is that the typical “top load” of said TC1 is one of the electrodes in the NFG system. In reference to fig.7, it is shown that the electrode assembly introduced in fig 2 earlier has been replaced by a spherical design made of conducting metal of the “doorknob” type in shape. It has been found that the discharge from high frequency high voltage discharges prefer rounded electrode discharge geometry, hence, at this stage preference is made to a metal electrode of spherical design. Electrode one represents the actual discharge electrode of a Tesla coil, whether the actual power source of the coil is in the vessel itself or external with coil outputs to discharge electrode no. 1 is irrelevant at this point. Concern should be directed only to electrodes at this point.
At present, there are two electrodes being shown. Electrode no.1 is the Primary discharge electrode of the tesla coil. Electrode no.2 is the RF ground connection in which the RF current from electrode no. 1 may return to ground through the dielectric medium of water in this case. Thus, what has now been established is the simplest case of an electrode assembly within the NFG system which employs one electrode being connected to the tesla coil. The output of the tesla coil is discharged from electrode no.1 to electrode no.2 which is connected to a solid earth ground. The size and shape of electrodes will have a direct bearing on the impedance parameters of the electrodes as seen by the power source. For example, as with all power supplies, the source of energy doesn’t actually care whatnumber of components it is connected to, but only on the final resultant impedance. For example, the tesla coil output from discharge to ground may travel thru any medium whatsoever not just free air, however, the parameters of resistance and impedance are the only variables in which the power source must address. Thus for efficiencies, the overall impedance is not only a function of electrode shape and size, but also the plasma conditions in between.
A second design may also be used in the electrode assembly as in figure 8. Instead of a second electrode used as RF ground, it is seen that the vessel walls themselves may be used as the discharge return to ground. Thus, a single electrode may suffice within the vessel as long as it is the discharge electrode of the Tesla coil.
A third design may also be used in the electrode assembly whereby the primary discharge electrode is in the center of the vessel with a plurality of secondary electrodes of rf ground spherical arranged around the primary electrode about a single axis to divide the plasma current into several segments.
A forth design may also be used in the electrode assembly whereby the primary discharge electrode is in the center of the vessel with a plurality of secondary electrodes of rf ground spherical arranged around the primary electrode about multiple axis.
A fifth design may also be used in the electrode assembly whereby the primary discharge electrode within the vessel is discharged to another primary discharge electrode of a second tesla coil such as a dipolar tesla coil. This arrangement is seen as two identical tesla coils with same construction parameters and fundamental frequencies are alike and which are made to “resonant” with one another.
It should be clear that by mentioning various electrode types, quantities and spacing about one another, an unlimited geometry of electrodes may be created within a vessel as might be required for efficiency of plasma operation and its thermal division of power translated into fluid medium
Let us now return to the simplest case of two opposing electrodes with some distance to one another.In the simplest of designs, the distance between electrodes is fixed to one another. It may be found that for a given size NFG system of a certain power rating, a determined fixed distance from one electrode to the other shall suffice. However In some instances it might be required for one electrode to me made movable in that this movable electrode is moved to a close proximity of the discharge electrode for a plasma arc to be initiated. Once an arc has been established, this movable electrode is made to move away from discharge electrode whereby lengthening the plasma arc itself. In order for plasma arc not to extinguish, the power input is increased in a linear fashion as the distance between electrodes is increased. This situation may be required if a very long plasma arc is required for whatever reasons. One reason shall be noted now; it was stated earlier in the necessity of establishing a magnetic pinch environment for the actual cause of nuclear fusion. It was mentioned that there lies the possibility of introducing external magnification to add in the total magnetic energy required. Therefore, with reference to fig 9, a source of magnification shall be introduced about the plasma current itself. This source of external magnification may be electromagnetic or fixed permanent magnets.
Fig 9. Depiction of external magnetic field about the plasma current between electrodes. This external field shall aid in pinching of plasma
Now that it has been stated the possibility of increasing the fusion yield by employing external magnification upon the plasma arc, it might be asked why operate such a NFG system without the highest possible fusion yields in which all parameters of input such as voltage , frequency, and even pressure applied to overall liquid state are highly utilized. The attainment of commercial nuclear fusion is highly desired for obvious results. However, the use of fusion devices have always been envisioned for the use of electrical power conversion systems. Though that is exactly what the NFG system is, it should be understood that the commercial construction of an electrical power generation unit of this design, its energy output must be at least 4 times greater than input. For example, it is known that to extract energy from a thermodynamic system such as from a liquid state, approximately 30 percent can only be achieved because of the laws of thermodynamics. Thus, if we inject 1megawatt of electricity into NFG system, we should at least generate 4 times as much energy into the liquid so that enough energy is extracted from the vessel to not only provide energy surplus, but also replenish what was input into the system. That point should be obvious. However, in regards to why not operate the NFG system at a much lower potential, here should make the case. The NFG system is nothing more than a “heat source”. Oil, gas, coal, and even electricity is used as a heat source for commercial buildings in heat exchange systems such as in boilers in whereby the heated liquid state is used as a transfer mechanism to supply warmth to the building. Operating the NFG system at a much lower efficiency for use in such boiler apparatuses seems plausible for cost effectiveness in a much less robust design as compared to an electrical power generation unit. For example, a boiler system employing the NFG system might be a small compact unit identical to standard boiler systems of today. The use of higher pressure might not be used for safety purposes, many parameters of input control may severely be degraded with a boiler NFG system. The bottom line will still be a much more efficient method of having a “heat source” employed, and thus, the use of oil, gas, coal, may be substituted by employing the NFG system in boilers. This should dramatically alone reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, and in so doing should be implemented immediately as an alternative to heating buildings. Of course, once the efficiency of the NFG system is made so great as in electrical power generation systems, electricity will become so cheap and abundant, that all buildings will then simply use electric heating solely from a utility company.
In reference to frequency, it was noted that 1.45 GHz or the 21cm wavelength has significance. Let us now incorporate this frequency to a Nuclear Fusion Generator machine with following characteristics.
Voltage: 256 million volts
Frequency: 1.420 GHz
Electrode spacing: 1 meter, thus, close to 5 oscillations are between the electrodes, conditions for standing wave ratios are sought.
In summary, it has been stated the fusion in this NFG system is by magnetic fusion alone. Without question, the magnetic energy is derived by the relativistic effects of velocity by charged particles. However, it was mentioned that frequency is also important for resonance and impedance matching techniques upon the plasma state. This seems logical as most would make analogies to ac circuitry. However, it was also mentioned, that there are inherent magnetic effects with a high frequency. Starting from low frequency effects and approaching the higher modes of oscillation we interact with the nucleus itself with high level x-rays and gamma rays strictly reserved for nuclear transitions. May this relate to the debroglie equation of matter waves l=h/mv, whereby velocity effects might be related to number of oscillations per second in frequency response, and or also to the Planck equation of E=nhf. There seem many subtle parameters all of which must be related, and not simply a large discharge of electrical current from one electrode to another and simply summing the poloidal current as in standard tokamaks and similar pinch devices. What is presented here is an entirely different mode of application in fusion. A high voltage and high frequency used conjointly to impress a magnetic strength of not only quantity in flux expressed in Tesla units, but also in quality as in regards to cross section wave picture which is a function of frequency and applied voltage together.
I hope what has been given forth in this paper is enough for a reader to grasp and expand upon. For what is at stake is nuclear fusion with an abundant source of fuel to meet global demands and clean emissions. Energy is not a luxury; it should be a right of all citizens as should health care and quality living standards. Energy for warmth, light, and mobility make our lives far more comfortable and it is to that attainment we must pursue for not only ourselves but the lives of our children to live in a world free from pollutants and loss of natural resources.
I have performed an experiment never done before in science- I used a Tesla coil for its use in high voltage high frequency and apply its discharge plasma not upon the dielectric of free air- but to the dielectric of water itself- specifically I used ultrapure reagent grade water from manufacture NERL-this is to establish the high degree of insulation needed for plasma (you cannot have contaminants for conductivity)- I doped my water with heavy water from the manufacturer UNITED NUCLEAR-(however- a full concentration of heavy water is desired)- I built my 1 million volt Tesla coil entire tunable- every aspect of it- as it must be done to TUNE THE OUTPUT DISCHARGE OF THE TESLA COIL to the water itself- once the arc is stable- the voltage may be increased- I have written in my pdf file in my website of noblefuse.com that a prerequisite of 750 kv is needed as an electric field gradient about the charged particles used in fusion( in this case the hydrogen bound in the water molecule) because of voltage drops as expected as in all electrical systems upon the load (load here is the water)- a much higher voltage is needed in order to distribute the voltage gradient upon entire arc plasma length between electrodes in water- THUS- THE HIGH THE VOLTAGE- THE BETTER- within my website you will find a link to youtube showing my primitive experiment- BUT MAKE NO MISTAKE ABOUT THIS- THIS IS THE FIRST TIME EVER DONE BEFORE - I propose nuclear fusion of water/heavy water- my little experiment IS THE ROAD TO NUCLEAR FUSION- we must universally connect the dots- put two and two together- and conclude this- MY EXPERIMENT MUST BE REPEATED ON A LARGER SCALE- my system is a direct replacement of nuclear power plants particularly of the pressurized water reactor which uses heavy water already - a vessel already built for gamma radiation and other high energy flux which will emit with the plasma arc- Power reactor in which the heat is dissipated from the core using highly pressurized water (about 160 bar) to achieve a high temperature and avoid boiling within the core. The cooling water transfers its heat to the secondary system in a steam generator. Example: Grohnde Nuclear Power Plant in Germany with an electrical output of 1,430 MW.
Replace the rod assemblies and use electrodes to conduct the Lightning bolt! High Voltage High frequency will create the magnetic pinch to slam the isotopes of hydrogen together which is bound in water- helium and oxygen are the outgassed products recaptured by expansion tanks-it is absolutely perfect!
_ I HAVE FOUND THE TRUE PURPOSE OF THE TESLA COIL- the answer was always in the lightning bolt- understanding of gamma bursts from lightning discharges have only been recently vindicated from satellite in late 90s—
CA 94305 United States
Said, R ( ) , STAR Lab, Electrical Engineering, 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 United States
Smith, D M ( ) , Physics Department and Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 United States
Lopez, L I ( ) , Astronomy Department and Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 United States
The observation of brief (<1 ms) bursts of intense γ-rays, the so-called Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), by the BATSE γ-ray experiment was one of the most unexpected discoveries by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory.
Let me try to give another analogy to make the point. think about striking a match, if all conditions are proper , one knows that to strike a match, you must go a minimum speed- you cannot strike the match too slowly- this is understood as more speed is more friction and thus more activation energy necessary to create combustion of the match material. the same applies to this fusion system, first, imagine my system as inside a pressurized water reactor used in fission plants- the moderator is already heavy water- we shall use it as the fuel. I have said the plasma arc looks exactly like our friend the electric lightning bolt- but I talk about in my pdf file- that the so called lightning bolt must be understood in regards to high voltage and frequency- just like the minimum speed needed for the match- so it is with the combination on high voltage and frequency to not only resonate with the dielectric molecule of heavy water- but more so- to create a minimum velocity upon charged particles in the fuel water. this velocity is also exhibiting itself as a magnetic field-think of the cathode ray scope- in a snap shot instant in time for analysis, look at when the maximum energy is being applied on a per strike basis of the input cycle- or shall we say the highest amplitude of the ac signal. if for example- an input energy of one megawatt was injected into the strike of the arc- a magnetic pinch shall be directed upon the charged particles in transit of the discharge- in a thermodynamic extraction process such as this - we need at least 5 times more energy out of the system to recoup our initial energy input- and a surplus for commercial energy supply- thus- via fusion of hydrogen to helium- with each strike- a minimum voltage and frequency SHALL give the minimum activation energy required for magnetic pinching and fusion of the isotopes of hydrogen. to increase the q of the reaction in this system- a magnetic toroid may be used around the plasma arc for increased efficiency= such as used in tokamak devices. I hope this analogy helps those who question this system- THANK YOU–
Here is a thought experiment for electromagnetic fusion with Einstein in mind
Pretend you are water-you are an oxygen atom- you are stable- you are noble- 8 protons-8 neutrons-and 8 electrons- there are only 5 magic shell nuclear elements of the periodic table- oxygen is one of them- it is very stable-
Therefore- you are stable and noble- you have no need for fusion- yet it could happen- but the probability of another element such as hydrogen and its isotopes would be made to fuse together in some kind of fashion mankind tries will occur way before oxygen does- - ok-so now you are this noble one and you have outstretched in your hands a hydrogen atom and or its isotope deuteron and you hold it out to mankind as a gift-
Man understands the gift of fusion for many years and is desperately trying to do such-
I propose electromagnetic fusion- I propose the BENNET pinch used in poloidal currents used in plasmas of tokomaks- but much further-
Here we go – the thought experiment- you are this oxygen atom with two hydrogen’s and you stand amongst your friends similar in nature. You are placed in a large vessel filled of your kind-now imagine that two walls opposing in this vessel are the plates of a capacitor- who cares what is applied to the capacitor plates (electrodes of system)-for all you know as a noble oxygen and the hydrogen you have in your hands is nothing more than the electric field upon the plates-
You are composed of charged particles- thus you will interact with the applied electric field of the plates-this is common electronics and electric knowledge-
However, I speak of dielectric breakdown- I speak of the lightning bolt- let us now assume we have made the capacitor plates oscillate at 1 million volts peak to peak as way of a tesla coil
Think of the electric field- everything will be controlled by this field- a dielectric breakdown will occur- and all discharge current will begin to flow and oscillate as a function of the applied voltage-
Now- you are in the heart of a lightning bolt- you who are noble as a oxygen probably lost all your valence electrons due to the magnitude of such a high electric field- every charged particle in transit of the discharge current is surely ionized and talks of being a complete water molecule should be erased- the state of this plasma current is nothing more than ionized hydrogen and oxygen and a complete sea of electrons-
Let us think first of the electrons- 1896 times smaller than protons- no question it will oscillate much faster as a function to the applied voltage- remember the cathode ray scope- basic physics also will say this charged particle will also have a magnetic field about itself because of the electric field that has driven it-thus- this oscillating electron current will have an intrinsic magnetic field
Let us now think of the protons- oxygen has 8 and surrounded by 8 neutrons and is far less likely for reaction than isotopes of hydrogen for fusion- this should merely be understood by refereeing to atomic tables of elements and known theory- but this hydrogen is a singly bound proton with mass one- unless we speak of a deuteron- it will also be controlled exactly the same way as the electron is affected by the external applied voltage- however- it is opposite to the electrons motion-and much slower by its mass – however-its magnetic field will add to that of the electrons- this is standard knowledge of magnetic field generation of charged particles by way of electric fields-
Thus, in this thought experiment- within this state of dielectric breakdown- I like to say the lightning bolt- can you now see the oscillation of the charged particles by such a large magnitude of the applied voltage plates- can you now see the probability at a certain moment in time- particularly when the applied ac signal is greatest- that all magnetic fields of charged particles in transit can have the power to be magnetically pinched-
Magnetics have push and pull- it is well known that high frequency causes a constriction upon electrical currents- whether in copper lines and forcing such to the surface- or in plasma and made use to constrict it - high frequency is known to constrict the currents- thus- do you see the forces I am referring to as this dielectric breakdown has occurred upon the most perfect fuel of the heavens- water- this oxygen atom holds the hydrogen for us- we shall apply a high voltage (high is relative- I have stated 750kv in the vicinity of the hydrogen for fusion- I come to this by way of understanding the beta decay of a free neutron- if it can disintegrate- it can come together- made into a deuteron- then made into helium)-
Thus –we make helium and oxygen is then unbound and must also be recaptured- this is easy in expansion tanks- the byproducts are helium and oxygen-truly noble-
To increase the q of this system- a simple toroidal magnet as used in tokamaks for plasma control may be used for additional pinching-
I hope this helps- however- you must always think of the applied electric field and its magnetic inducement upon the charged particles- we will stably run the Tesla coil upon the dielectric of water itself (more appropriately heavy water) and turn up the voltage for greater acceleration speeds and thus magnetic fields- we can control pressure in this vessel- we can control electrode spacing and so much more-
that is my thought experiment for you to understand it is my intention to use all input energy by way of oscillating a very large electric field which will induce the proper magnetic flux density in units of Tesla for a pinching- not established hot fusion whereby all energy input is chaotic and the probability of fusion comes by way of statistics from a gas equation- no- high voltage and high frequency in an orderly manner by the construction of a man made lightning bolt with controllable parameters inside an existing pressurized nuclear reactor- everything is off the shelf- the world will run on steam power again globally-from trains-factories-ships-and all power plants- I offer the Watt steam engine again- not with two sticks to make fire and boil the water- but electromagnetic fusion with two electrodes to induce fusion of hydrogen isotopes to boil water and make steam- it is absolutely perfect.
To the CEO’s of nuclear power plants-or pressurized coal fired- you have spare reactors in the back yards of your plants- take a 1 million volt tesla coil and do what I have said- you will measure its fusion reactions and you will conclude this - I have found the road to safe clean energy.
I speak plain science- please connect the dots and let us end this energy crisis for a world that desperately needs energy- May the light of God shine upon all our actions for the betterment of mankind
Capitalism made Bitter Pennsylvania Mr. Barack Obama
In the heart of bitter Pennsylvania is where are all the “factories are closing down” sang Billy Joel in the 1985 song-Living here in Allentown
who wants to bicker and complain when the majority of families have stable jobs and health care to raise a family and pass the baton to our children-and maybe some day a Utopian world is constructed after mankind figures out the right path for civilization. Today in America we have capitalism, without debating the noble qualities of such a system, let me address the negative facts- it operates under a dog eat dog system in which only the strong survive for the most profit possible without spiritual concerns- thus- the rich who control such a business see the obvious fact of paying an employee far less money over seas than for the same employee in an american plant- more profit- more money for them- forget the american worker that has endured and taught a world of child labor-unfair labor disputes-etc - Capitalism is the art of maximum profit- thus-as expected- a continuation of an ancient slave system continues from placing brinks under a pyramid in Egypt to the new promised lands of the new world where money is the golden rule and a fitting symbol of a pyramid on paper money reminds us it continues.
I guess it began in the late sixties and seventies where the major plants began to slow down as production was shifted over seas- the mighty Bethlehem steel which made the golden gate bridge now stands as a skeleton for a future casino to take up residence in 2009. The very first semiconductor plant that made the first production transistor in world history has just closed its doors several years- the old western electric which changed to AT&T to Lucent to Ageer to something else in which ended into an empty large beautiful building now for sale on a main street within Allentown.
Can you blame a business for doing such acts? many would scream yes as they see there future dwindle to opportunities a third world nation has-why did government allow this?I believe it happened Universally by all Americans during the prosperity gained after world war two and is the natural
consequence of a human race trying to find what will work. Capitalism is a for profit business- the extremes may be large in price gouging-many would say if one took too much profit- they are bad and or evil- but what does ethics and spirituality have to do with business- surely many would agree it is far better for a win win situation- it seems to be some kind of a code amongst citizens everywhere on the planet that two parties in negotiation for any product are usually prudent in their actions, this seems natural.
However, true capitalism seems akin to Darwinist theory of the strong survive and many understand how one company dominates another- governments try to stop monopolies- yet- it is natural the order of nature for the strong to dominate its surroundings- and capitalism has done so- even in competition to communism and the eventual bankrupting of the soviet union- how could they compete with a machine of capitalism in which citizens are driven hard for the dollar to sustain their lives(maybe now they can as oil revenues climb and Russia is Jed Clampet rich in it).
But the free hand of capitalism is what made America so strong and prosperous-right? this is debatable-however-what is true of the dog eat dog nature of capitalism is the very fact it has coupled with the unspiritual nature of Darwinism to the American race itself. comments such as these pervade American culture; He who dies with the most toys wins;live for now-life is short; do whatever it takes for yours;etc
In a complete non spiritual way the attitude of most Americans is a lust for life for themselves. If you do not bring me immediate satisfaction- i will divorce you- i will leave you and take my business elsewhere.
I believe America and its citizens are getting exactly what they invested in-themselves- thus- they will be left to themselves-stand alone with no health care-poor and diminished education system as our children learn the barbaric ways taught by the aggressive generations before them to be the bully- to take what you can get- it seems our children now have to fight with each other again in a bitter fashion for solutions-
why must man reinvent the wheel over and over again. Life without spirituality is no life at all- we will walk to the dark and it will be our children that must find the light switch again? or shall we universally break bread together and love one another as the Christ has taught mankind.
My name is solomon azar- I fundamentally believe my actions of science and experiment will end the energy crisis with no greenhouse gas emissions to our planet- I live in BITTER Pennsylvania- under the star of Bethlehem- over 13 months on this internet begging people to please replicate my experiment so our children know we have a future at least in regards to energy. My friends dont care to assist uncovering this science for the energy crisis- maybe jealous-maybe just dont care–I DONT KNOW THE REASON_ I AM IN THE DARK with the lack of help from anyone over solutions for all of us_ almost the vast majority on the net-mostly Americans-abuse ignore and ridicule my efforts without ever giving me a chance- and this is a solution to the energy crisis! I believe my story is the same in every city and town in this world- solutions are ignored by arrogance and selfishness- when my science ir proven correct- in order for utopia to be implemented upon the earth- man must submit to man- be humble and listen to your neighbors- IF THEY SCREAM SOLUTION_ CHASE IT!
I AM BITTER. In a life lived with devotion to the teachings of the Christ- i have found why Moses came with the stick and Mohamed with the sword- I understand why America is in Iraq for oil resources and i understand why Russia invaded Georgia as a preamble for control of resources on their border- the major war was ended in 1945- yet- the major powers still fought one another for control- I strongly understand and see that at this time when energy levels are in such strong demand to keep people warm in winter and sustained for food will have to strike again for dominance- i understand Allentown is on the list of targets even though Russia doesn’t understand our plants are closed here in Bitter Pennsylvania- I understand why there is war now- if friends and passer bys cant even listen to those human beings that sacrifice their own lives to find solutions for all of us- how do we listen at all-
I made my peace with god last year this time after my experiment- this year i make my peace with man himself- I am sick and tired being a human being consumed with the fact I might posses the answer to the energy crisis and you do not help-Thus- I GIVE MY FULL BLESSING FOR THIS NEXT WAR TO BEGIN- I offer the true solution to an aggressive and ignorant society still willing to ignore their fellowman and push for conflict. maybe in this next fire may man be tempered and straightened like steel to stand straight upright in the light of day upon the earth and declare we are all children of god- all of us- all brothers and sisters- and the way of man must be love for all man as described by the Christ- not capitalistic Darwinism of an animal- we are the children of god. It is now one complete year i have consciously stated i was a messenger of god- the voice of the Christ completely- MY REPORT- nothing has changed since Moses went up the mountain and came down to see them worshiping a golden calf- and then to choose Barabbas over jesus and crucify one of such extreme innocence and love for mankind- even Mohamed followers were split and argued from his descendants- NEVER respect- and so I have now listened to my inner voice to join this crowd of messengers to report the same conditions on the ground- a world does not exists in which a human being may openly state they are a messenger of god and have a civil conversation- I have been ignored without question-and I brought the gift of unlimited clean energy- I believe when man is mans best friend- not the dog- and faith in our fellowman is achieved- the days of faith will end-but not yet.
here are the lyrics to billy joels song- Living here in Allentown
Well we’re living here in Allentown
And they’re closing all the factories down
Out in Bethlehem they’re killing time
Filling out forms
Standing in line
Well our fathers fought the Second World War
Spent their weekends on the Jersey Shore
Met our mothers in the USO
Asked them to dance
Danced with them slow
And we’re living here in Allentown
But the restlessness was handed down
And it’s getting very hard to stay
Well we’re waiting here in Allentown
For the Pennsylvania we never found
For the promises our teachers gave
If we worked hard
If we behaved
So the graduations hang on the wall
But they never really helped us at all
No they never taught us what was real
Iron and coke
And chromium steel
And we’re waiting here in Allentown
But they’ve taken all the coal from the ground
And the union people crawled away
Every child has a pretty good shot
To get at least as far as their old man got
But something happened on the way to that place
They threw an American flag in our place
Well I’m living here in Allentown
And it’s hard to keep a good man down
But I won’t be getting very hard to stay
And we’re living here in Allentown
thanks Daniel
is the magnitude of the force exerted, 
is the charge on one body, 
is the charge on the other body, 
is the distance between them, 
8.988×109 N m2 C-2 (also m F-1) is the electrostatic constant or Coulomb force constant, and 
) is a function of only three variables, frequency (f ), resistivity (
), and relative permeability (
R).
